Biochemistry Flashcards
What is PSA
Prostate Specific Antigen
What is prostatism
Prostatism is a collection of symptoms - urinary hesitation, difficulty in voiding and pst micturation dribbling
Compare benign prostatic hyperplasia to prostatic cancer
In BPH the prostate is smooth, in cancer it is hard and craggy
What enzymes could you test for muscle tissue
CK - creatine kinase
AST - aspartate aminotransferase
What enzymes could you test for cardiac tissue
Troponin
CK - creatine kinase
AST - aspartate aminotransferase
LDH - lactate dehydrogenase
What enzymes could you test for blood
AST - aspartate aminotransferase
LDH - Lactate dehydrogenase
What enzymes could you test for the liver
ALT - alanine transaminase
AST - aspartate aminotransferase
ALK phos - alkaline phosphatase
GGT - glutamytransferase
What enzymes could you test for the pancreas
Amylase
Lipase
What enzymes could you test for the bone
ALK Phos - alkaline phosphatase
What would you check nest if ALK phos is high
GGT (high GGT and ALK phos suggests liver path; no GGT suggests bone path)
Effusion v transudate
Effusions have high protein, more likely to be infection or malignancy
Transudate is low protein, more likely a systemic problem
What is the tumour marker for germ cells
AFP and HCG - used in diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and screening
What is the tumour marker for heaptomas
AFP - used in screening, diagnosis, monitoring and follow up
What is the tumour marker used in choriocarcinomas
HCG - used in screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and follow-up
What is the tumour marker used in ovarian
CA125 - used in diagnosis, monitoring and follow-up
What is the tumour marker used in prostate
Acid phosphatase - used in diagnosis, monitoring and follow-up
What is the tumour marker used in colorectal
CEA - used in monitoring and follow-up
What is the tumour marker used in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Calcitonin - used in screening, diagnosis, monitoring and follow-up
What is the tumour marker used in endocrine
Hormones - used in diagnosis, monitoring and follow-ip
What is the tumour marker used in meyloma
Paraprotein - used in diagnosis, monitoring and follow-up
What cancers is hypercalcaemia associated with
Multiple myeloma, breast cancer and renal cell cancer
What cancers is Cushing’s syndrome associated with
Small cell lung cancer. bronchial carcinoid, GI cancer
What is Cushing’s syndrome
Excess corticosteroids results in weight gain, reddening of head and neck, raised BP, osteoporosis, raised blood glucose and occasionally mental disturbances
What cancers is inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion associated with
Small cell lung cancer, brain tumour and mesothelioma
What cancers is myasthenia gravis associated with
Thymoma
What cancers is autonomic neuropathy associated with
Small cell lung cancer, thymoma
What cancers is sensory neuropathy associated with
Lung cancer (usually small cel), breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What cancers is acanthosis nigricans associated with
Gastric adenocarcinoma
What cancers is dermatomyositis associated with
Ovarian cancers, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
What cancers is pemphigus associated with
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia
What cancers is polymyalgia rheumatica associated with
Leukemia, lymphoma and colon cancer
What is myasthenia gravis
Muscle weakening - generally in the face
What cancers is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with
Small cell lung cancer, lymphoma
What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
An autoimmune disease where the body attacks the junction between nerves and muscles
What is acanthosis nigricans
Darkened and thickened patches of skin in the armpit and around the groin and neck
What is dermatomyositis
An autoimmune condition causing muscle weakness and skin changes. Symptoms include a red rash around the eyes and red bumps around the joints
What is pemphigus
A rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases
How can you determine which breast cancer patients will respond to therapy with the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen
Measure oestrogen and progesterone receptors in biopsy material. The presence of both receptors indicates the integrity of the oestrogen receptor mechanism in the tumour cells
