Biochemistry Flashcards
Drugs target S-phase (3)
Methotrexate
5-fluorouracil
Hydroxyurea
G2 phase targeting drug (1)
Bleomycin -
Hodgkin, non-Hodgkins lymphomas, reproductive systems cancers
M phase targeting drugs (3)
Paclitaxel
Vincristine
Vinblastine
Non cell-cycle specific drug agents (2)
Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatin
Daunorubicin and doxorubicin mechanism
Intercalating between DNA bases - interfering with activities of topoisomerase II - prevent proper replication of DNA
Cisplastin mechanism
Bladder, lung cancer
Bind tightly to DNA - structural distortion, malfunction
WhT can denaturate DNA (4)
Urea
Heat
Formamide
Alkaline pH
Etoposide
Teniposide
Inhibit topoisomerase II
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA hyraxes in prokaryotes
Prevent DNA replication and transcription
Gr-
Levofloxacin, cipro, moxi
Nalidixic acid
Kills bacteria by inhibiting dna gyrase
Drugs targets DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Quinolones, Fluoroquinolones (p)
Etoposide, teniposide (e)
Nalidixic acid (bacteria)
AZT mechanism
HIV
Inhibit RNA dependent DNA polymerase - inhibit DNA synthesis from RNA
AZT converts to triphosphate derivative and used as substrate for viral reverse transcriptase
Cause chain termination
ATM Gene inactivated?
Ataxia telangiectasia - hypertensivity to x-rays, predisposition to lymphomas
Tumor suppressor genes
BRSA 1 BRCA 2 ATM Gene p53 Retinoblastoma arb Gene
Inactivation of p53?
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
A lot of solid tumors
HNPCC what 2 genes?
Lynch syndrome
hMSH2
hMLH1
Norfloxacin inhibit ..
DNA gyrase (tp II)
Actinomycin D mechanism
Binds to DNA, preventing transcription
By which drug prokaryotes rna polymerase is inhibited?
Rifampin
Rifampin mechanism
Inhibition of prokaryotic RNA polymerase
A-amanitin mechanism
Mushrooms
RNA polymerase II is inhibited
Inhibition of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes? (2)
Rifampin
Actinomycin D
Inhibition of RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (2)
Actinomycin D
RNAP 2 inhibited by a-amanitin
Rifampin used to treat
Leprae
TB
Meningitis
Rifampin what’s with urine?
Red
Shiga toxin mechanism and Verotoxin (shiga-like toxin, E.coli)
Inactive 28S rRNA in the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosome.
Halting protein synthesis
Incorrect splicing diseases?
5
B-thalassemia (3exons, 2 intrones Lupus Morfan Ray-Sachs Type 2a hyperlipidemia
Ray-Sachs what the defect molecular?
What protein defective?
What accumulates? You
Incorrect splicing (introns excision
4 nucleotides insertion
Hexosaminidase A
Accumulated GM2 ganglioside
What protein is defective in type 2a hyperlipidenia?
Receptor for apo 100
By what interned removed?
Spliceosomes
snRNA
What forms by alternative splicing ?
Tropomiosin, troponin 1 in muscles
Membrane Ig vs secreted Ig
Dopamine receptors in brain
Frameshift mutation pathology
Duchenne MD - problem with dystrophin
Becker’s - similar, but not severe
Insertion not causing frameahift
X-fragile = Hantington disease - huntingtin
Trinicleotide repeat expansion diseases (5)
Huntington Fragile C Spinobulbar muscular athrophy Myotonic dystrophy Friedreich’s ataxia
Pseudononas and Diphteria inactivate what?
Elongation Factor 2 G protein class of protein G proteins binds GYP in order to work
Why toxins cause death?
Come to cell
Look for ADP
Split niacin from NAD
Covalent linkage to G protein
Aminoglycosides
Mechanism
2
Why no influence on people?
Gentamicin, Streptomycin Inhibit small (30) ribosomal subunit in prokaryotes People don’t have it
Linezolid
Mechanism
Prevent initiation phase
Large subunit 50
Clindamycin
Macrolides
Bonds to 50S
Tetracycline
Inhibit Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to A site
Chloramphenicol
Inhibit peptidyl transferase in large subunit
Gray baby syndrome
Chloramphenicol
(Memingitis)
Babies Do not have enough UPD-glucuronyl transferase activity for excretion of drug
What drug inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis not cytoplasms
Chloramphenicol
Autosomal dominant (5)
Huntington Familiar hypercholesterolemia (LDL receptor deficiency) Neurofibromatosis type 1 Marfan Acute intermittent porphyria
Autosomal recessive
Sickle cell anemia (b-globin Gene)
Cystic fibrosis (CFTR
Phenylketonuria (phenoalanyn hydroxylasa
Ray-Sachs (hexosaminidase A deficiency )
X-linked recessive
Duchenne muscular dystrophy Lesch-Nyhan (HGPRT deficiency) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Hemophilia A, B Red-green color blindness Menkes disease Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency SCID (IL-receptor gamma chain deficiency
Lesch-NYhan
HGPRT
PURINE SALVAGE
