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Comprehensive Exam > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Name this amino acid

A

Glycine, gly, G

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2
Q

Name this amino acid

A

Alanine, Ala, A

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3
Q

Name this amino acid

A

Proline, Pro, P

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4
Q

Name this amino acid

A

Valine, val, v

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5
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Leucine, Leu, L

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6
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Isoleucine, Ile, I

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7
Q

Name the amino acid

A

methionine, Met, M

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8
Q

Name the amino acid

A

tryptophan, trp, W

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9
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Phenylalanine, Phe, F

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10
Q

Name the amino acid

A

serine, ser, S

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11
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Threonine, Thr, T

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12
Q

Name the amino acid

A

tyrosine, Tyr, Y

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13
Q

Name the amino acid

A

asparginine, Asn, N

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14
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Glutamine, Gln, Q

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15
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Cysteine, Cys, C

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16
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Lysine, Lys, K

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17
Q

Name the amino acid

A

arginine, Arg, R

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18
Q

Name the amino acid

A

histidine, Hist, H

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19
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Aspartic acid, Asp, D

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20
Q

Name the amino acid

A

Glutamate, Glu, E

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21
Q

List the polar amino acids

A

Serine, Threonine, tyrosine, asparginine, glutamine, cysteine

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22
Q

List the non polar amino acids

A

Glycine, proline, alanine, valine, Leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine

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23
Q

List positively charged amino acids

A

lysine, arginine, histidine

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24
Q

List the negatively charged amino acids

A

aspartic acid, glutamic acid

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25
Q

List the essential amino acids

A

H, I, L, K, F, T, W, V, R, M

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26
Q

List the small/tiny amino acids

A

A, C, G, S, P, T, D, N

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27
Q

List the large amino acids

A

I, K, L, R, M, Y, F, W

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28
Q

What is the difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?

A

Nucleotides have a phosphate group that nucleosides do not

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29
Q

What is difference between purines and pyrimidines? List each

A

purines: 2 rings: guanine and adenine
pyrimadines: 1 ring: cytosine, thymine, uracil

30
Q

Name the nucletide

A

cytosine

31
Q

Name the nucleotide

A

Guanine

32
Q

Name the nucleotide

A

thymine

33
Q

Name the nucleotide

A

uracil

34
Q

Name the nucleotide

A

Adenine

35
Q

Nucleic acids: hat kind of bond and where? In what direction does DNA grow?

A

phosphodiester bond

between 5’ phosphate and 3’

36
Q

Proteins: what bond forms between amino acids and where? In what direction to proteins grow?

A

Peptide bonds

between amine N and carbonyl C

next amino acid is added to the C end

37
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

glyceraldehyde

38
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

Ribose

39
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

Galactose

40
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

Dihydroxyacetone

41
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

Ribulose

42
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

Fructose

43
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

deoxyribose

44
Q

Name the monosaccharide

A

mannose

45
Q

What determines if a carbon ring is in alpha or beta configuration

A

Alpha configuration: OH on 1st or second carbon is down

beta configuration: OH on 1st or 2nd carbon is up

46
Q

Name the disaccharide and what monosaccharides t is made up of

A

Maltose

glucose + glucose

47
Q

Name the disaccharide

what two monosaccharides does it consist of

A

lactose

galactose + glucose

48
Q

Name the disaccharide

what two monosaccharides does it consist of

A

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

49
Q

List and describe the 4 catalyst strategies

A

approximation: orientation and proximity

acid base: share protons

covalent: share electron

Stereostatic:

50
Q

Induced fit vs lock and key model

A

Lock and key fits at first

induced fit doesn’t fit perfectly from the start

51
Q

List the 6 classes of enzymes and describe

A

lyase:

ligase:

hydrolase:

Oxidoreductase:

transferase:

Isomerase:

52
Q

What are the two main differences between passive and active transport

A

Passive: no ATP and travels with gradient

Active: uses ATP and travels against gradient

53
Q

Describe P-type-ATPase

A

active transport

4 domains: transmembrane, A/actuator (link), N/nucleotide binding, P/phosphorylation

Ex. SERCA, Na/K pump

54
Q

Describe ABC transport

A

active transport

either monomer or homodimer

ex. MDR, MsbA

molecule binds empty transporter increasing affinity for ATP, ATP binds and causes eversion, molecule is released, ATP hydrolysis and release

55
Q

describe secondary active transport

A

primary active transport creates gradient the a passive channel or carrier allows molecules/ions to fall back down through gradient with a high value stowaway

ex. Na-glucose cotransport in intestine, lactose permease

56
Q

describe ion channels

A

passive transport

have a selectivity filter and a gate

movement is a result of electrostatic repulsion

57
Q

describe gap junctions

A

passive transport

channels

no filter no gate

58
Q

describe aquaporin

A

facilitated diffusion, passive transport

selevtivity filter but no gate, only allows water through

59
Q

glycolysis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes

A

location: cytoplasm

rate limitng enzyme: phosphofructokinase

regulated enzymes: hexokinase: G6P (-)

phosphofructokinase: citrate (-), low ATP (+)

pyruvate kinase: high ATP (-), fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (+)

60
Q

TCA: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes

A

location: mitochondrial matrix

rate limiting enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase

regulated enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: ATP (-), acetyl CoA (-), NADH (-), ADP (+), pyruvate (+)

isocitrate dehydrogenase: ATP (-), NADH (-), ADP (+)

alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex: ATP (-), succinyl CoA (-), NADH (-)

61
Q

glycogenolysis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes

A

location: cytoplasm

rate limiting enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase

regulated enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase: dephosphorylation (-), phosphorylation (+)

62
Q

amino acid catabolism: location

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

urea cycle only happens in the liver

63
Q

beta oxidation: location, rate limiting enzyme

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

rate limiting enyme: perilipins: phosphorylation (+)

64
Q

ketone bodies: where are they produced and where are they utilized

A

keton bodies are formed in the liver but only broken down in non-liver cells

65
Q

gluconeogenesis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes

A

location: cytoplasm

rate limiting enzyme: fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

regulated enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase: acetyl CoA (+), ADP (-)

PEP carboxykinase: ADP (-)

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase: low ATP (-), citrate (+)

66
Q

nucleotide synthesis: location, regulated enzymes

A

location: cytoplasm except dihydroorate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria

regulated enzymes: feedback regulation

ribonucleotide reductase: activity site and specificity site

67
Q

TAG synthesis occurs in what cells

A

hepatocytes and adiposecytes

68
Q

glycogenesis: location, rate limiting enzyme

A

location: cytoplasm

rate limiting enzyme: glycogen synthase: dephosphorylation (+), phosphorylation (-)

69
Q

amino acid synthesis: location, regulated enzymes

A

location: cytoplasm

regulated enzymes: feedback regulation

glutamine sythetase: adenylation (-), deadenylation (+), PII (-), PII UMP (+), glutamine (-), alpha ketogluterate (+), ATP (+)

70
Q

fatty acid synthesis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzyme

A

location: cytoplasm and mitochondria

rate limiting enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase

regulated enzymes: ATP citrate lyase: phoshporylation (+), glucose/ insulin (+), PUFA (-), leptin (-)

acetyl CoA carboxylase: citrate (+), insulin (+), high carb/low fat diet (+), palmitate (-), epinephrine/glucagon (-), AMP (-)

fatty acid synthase: sufar (+), PO4 (+), insulin (+), high carb/lowfat diet (+), high fat (-), starvation (-), PUFA (-)

Comprehensive Exam (8 decks)

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