Biochemistry Flashcards
Name this amino acid
Glycine, gly, G
Name this amino acid
Alanine, Ala, A
Name this amino acid
Proline, Pro, P
Name this amino acid
Valine, val, v
Name the amino acid
Leucine, Leu, L
Name the amino acid
Isoleucine, Ile, I
Name the amino acid
methionine, Met, M
Name the amino acid
tryptophan, trp, W
Name the amino acid
Phenylalanine, Phe, F
Name the amino acid
serine, ser, S
Name the amino acid
Threonine, Thr, T
Name the amino acid
tyrosine, Tyr, Y
Name the amino acid
asparginine, Asn, N
Name the amino acid
Glutamine, Gln, Q
Name the amino acid
Cysteine, Cys, C
Name the amino acid
Lysine, Lys, K
Name the amino acid
arginine, Arg, R
Name the amino acid
histidine, Hist, H
Name the amino acid
Aspartic acid, Asp, D
Name the amino acid
Glutamate, Glu, E
List the polar amino acids
Serine, Threonine, tyrosine, asparginine, glutamine, cysteine
List the non polar amino acids
Glycine, proline, alanine, valine, Leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine
List positively charged amino acids
lysine, arginine, histidine
List the negatively charged amino acids
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
List the essential amino acids
H, I, L, K, F, T, W, V, R, M
List the small/tiny amino acids
A, C, G, S, P, T, D, N
List the large amino acids
I, K, L, R, M, Y, F, W
What is the difference between nucleotides and nucleosides?
Nucleotides have a phosphate group that nucleosides do not
What is difference between purines and pyrimidines? List each
purines: 2 rings: guanine and adenine
pyrimadines: 1 ring: cytosine, thymine, uracil
Name the nucletide
cytosine
Name the nucleotide
Guanine
Name the nucleotide
thymine
Name the nucleotide
uracil
Name the nucleotide
Adenine
Nucleic acids: hat kind of bond and where? In what direction does DNA grow?
phosphodiester bond
between 5’ phosphate and 3’
Proteins: what bond forms between amino acids and where? In what direction to proteins grow?
Peptide bonds
between amine N and carbonyl C
next amino acid is added to the C end
Name the monosaccharide
glyceraldehyde
Name the monosaccharide
Ribose
Name the monosaccharide
Galactose
Name the monosaccharide
Dihydroxyacetone
Name the monosaccharide
Ribulose
Name the monosaccharide
Fructose
Name the monosaccharide
deoxyribose
Name the monosaccharide
mannose
What determines if a carbon ring is in alpha or beta configuration
Alpha configuration: OH on 1st or second carbon is down
beta configuration: OH on 1st or 2nd carbon is up
Name the disaccharide and what monosaccharides t is made up of
Maltose
glucose + glucose
Name the disaccharide
what two monosaccharides does it consist of
lactose
galactose + glucose
Name the disaccharide
what two monosaccharides does it consist of
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
List and describe the 4 catalyst strategies
approximation: orientation and proximity
acid base: share protons
covalent: share electron
Stereostatic:
Induced fit vs lock and key model
Lock and key fits at first
induced fit doesn’t fit perfectly from the start
List the 6 classes of enzymes and describe
lyase:
ligase:
hydrolase:
Oxidoreductase:
transferase:
Isomerase:
What are the two main differences between passive and active transport
Passive: no ATP and travels with gradient
Active: uses ATP and travels against gradient
Describe P-type-ATPase
active transport
4 domains: transmembrane, A/actuator (link), N/nucleotide binding, P/phosphorylation
Ex. SERCA, Na/K pump
Describe ABC transport
active transport
either monomer or homodimer
ex. MDR, MsbA
molecule binds empty transporter increasing affinity for ATP, ATP binds and causes eversion, molecule is released, ATP hydrolysis and release
describe secondary active transport
primary active transport creates gradient the a passive channel or carrier allows molecules/ions to fall back down through gradient with a high value stowaway
ex. Na-glucose cotransport in intestine, lactose permease
describe ion channels
passive transport
have a selectivity filter and a gate
movement is a result of electrostatic repulsion
describe gap junctions
passive transport
channels
no filter no gate
describe aquaporin
facilitated diffusion, passive transport
selevtivity filter but no gate, only allows water through
glycolysis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes
location: cytoplasm
rate limitng enzyme: phosphofructokinase
regulated enzymes: hexokinase: G6P (-)
phosphofructokinase: citrate (-), low ATP (+)
pyruvate kinase: high ATP (-), fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (+)
TCA: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes
location: mitochondrial matrix
rate limiting enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
regulated enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: ATP (-), acetyl CoA (-), NADH (-), ADP (+), pyruvate (+)
isocitrate dehydrogenase: ATP (-), NADH (-), ADP (+)
alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex: ATP (-), succinyl CoA (-), NADH (-)
glycogenolysis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes
location: cytoplasm
rate limiting enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase
regulated enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase: dephosphorylation (-), phosphorylation (+)
amino acid catabolism: location
cytoplasm and mitochondria
urea cycle only happens in the liver
beta oxidation: location, rate limiting enzyme
cytoplasm and mitochondria
rate limiting enyme: perilipins: phosphorylation (+)
ketone bodies: where are they produced and where are they utilized
keton bodies are formed in the liver but only broken down in non-liver cells
gluconeogenesis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzymes
location: cytoplasm
rate limiting enzyme: fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
regulated enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase: acetyl CoA (+), ADP (-)
PEP carboxykinase: ADP (-)
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase: low ATP (-), citrate (+)
nucleotide synthesis: location, regulated enzymes
location: cytoplasm except dihydroorate dehydrogenase in the mitochondria
regulated enzymes: feedback regulation
ribonucleotide reductase: activity site and specificity site
TAG synthesis occurs in what cells
hepatocytes and adiposecytes
glycogenesis: location, rate limiting enzyme
location: cytoplasm
rate limiting enzyme: glycogen synthase: dephosphorylation (+), phosphorylation (-)
amino acid synthesis: location, regulated enzymes
location: cytoplasm
regulated enzymes: feedback regulation
glutamine sythetase: adenylation (-), deadenylation (+), PII (-), PII UMP (+), glutamine (-), alpha ketogluterate (+), ATP (+)
fatty acid synthesis: location, rate limiting enzyme, regulated enzyme
location: cytoplasm and mitochondria
rate limiting enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase
regulated enzymes: ATP citrate lyase: phoshporylation (+), glucose/ insulin (+), PUFA (-), leptin (-)
acetyl CoA carboxylase: citrate (+), insulin (+), high carb/low fat diet (+), palmitate (-), epinephrine/glucagon (-), AMP (-)
fatty acid synthase: sufar (+), PO4 (+), insulin (+), high carb/lowfat diet (+), high fat (-), starvation (-), PUFA (-)
