Biochemistry

Question 1

Us + Es

Answer 1

renal function

electrolytes are charged atoms involved in passage of electricity

Question 2

sodium

Answer 2

primary electrolyte in blood
hypo/hyper- natraemia

assess electrolyte, acid-base, water balance, renal function

Question 3

potassium

Answer 3

mostly in cells
hypo/hyper-kalaemia
kidneys, fluid balance, nerve stimulation

Question 4

IV fluids

Answer 4

water cannot be given by itself as it will destroy RBCs

dextrose, saline

Question 5

urea + creatinine

Answer 5

metabolic waste products - nitrogen rich

Question 6

GFR

Answer 6

glomerular filtration rate
= gold standard renal function test

normal > 90
kidney failure < 15

Question 7

liver function test - enzymes

Answer 7

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT

BUT not specific for the liver

Question 8

bilirubin

Answer 8

liver function test
< 21 umol/L
from breakdown of haem
high levels = jaundice

Question 9

albumin

Answer 9

carrying molecule (e.g. Ca)
renal function

Question 10

plasma proteins used for liver function test

Answer 10

total protein + albumin

Question 11

CRP

Answer 11

(c-reactive protein)
marker of inflammation
acute phase protein

Question 12

transferrin

Answer 12

plasma protein

transports iron through blood

Question 13

fibrinogen

Answer 13

plasma protein

coagulation

Question 14

amylase

Answer 14

plasma protein

pancreatic digestive hormone

Question 15

insulin

Answer 15

glucoregulatory hormone

Question 16

diabetes diagnostic criteria
random G
fasting G
OGTT

Answer 16

random > 11.1 mmol/L
fasting > 7.0 mmol/L
OGTT > 11.1

Question 17

normal blood glucose
normal G
OGTT

Answer 17

normal < 6.1 mmol/L

OGTT < 7.8 mmol/L

Question 18

hypo
hyper
ketone

Answer 18

hypo < 4
hyper > 7
ketone > 15

Question 19

calcium

Answer 19

major bone constituent

corrected takes into consideration that calcium is partly bound to proteins in the blood

Question 20

phosphate

Answer 20

2nd major constituent of bone

hypo/hyper-phosphateaemia

Question 21

ferritin

Answer 21

iron binding protein
represents iron stored in the body

(increased by infection, hepatitis, alcohol, haemochromatosis)

Question 22

urea

Answer 22

major excretory product of biochemical metabolism

Question 23

creatinine

Answer 23

specialised product of protein breakdown

mark renal function

Question 24

hypertension (lab test)

Answer 24

no lab test specifically for

blood pressure

Question 25

blood pressure (mmHg/mmHg)

Answer 25

normal: < 130 / < 85 stage 1 HT: 140-159 / 90-99 stage 2 HT: > 160 / > 100

Question 26

``` suggested lipid profile Total chol LDL HDL TAGs ```

Answer 26

Total chol: < 4 LDL: < 2 HDL: > 1.2 TAGs: < 1.7