Biochemistry Flashcards
What parameters are needed to calculate eGFR?
Serum creatinine
Age
Sex
Race
Why is urinary sodium low in prerenal uraemia?
JGA senses reduction in renal blood flow and activates RAAS. The end product aldosterone acts to promote sodium reabsorption in the DCT, resulting in increase in circulating volume and low urinary sodium.
In ATN, normal physiological mechanisms break down leading to high urinary sodium.
Components of a bone profile?
Calcium
Phosphate
ALP
Albumin
Common causes of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive vitamin D intake
Bone mets
Multiple myeloma
Why is AST and ALP not specific to the liver?
AST released during muscle damage.
ALP released in a number of bone diseases.
2 causes of a raised ESR but normal CRP?
SLE
Multiple myeloma
4 causes of a false-positive sweat test?
Anorexia nervosa
Adrenal insufficiency
Coeliac disease
Hypothyroidism
4 causes of HYPERnatraemia?
Diabetes insipidus
Poor water intake
Excessive adminstration via IV saline
Administration of drugs with high concentrations of sodium
Management of hyperkalemia?
IV calcium gluconate
Combined insulin/dextrose infusion
Nebulised salbutamol
Removal of K+ from body via calcium resonium, loop diuretics and dialysis.
A combination of what blood test findings is suggestive of a GI bleed?
Raised urea with normal creatinine
Low Hb
Raised WCC
Raised platelets
What are the metabolic abnormalities in refeeding syndrome?
Hypophosphatemia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Features of Paget disease?
Bone pain (especially pelvic, lumbar spine and femur)
Bowing of tibia, bossing of skull
Raised ALP
Skull X-ray- thickened vault
How is Paget’s disease treated?
Pain relief Antiresorptive meds (bisphosphonates) Surgery (correcting deformities and fractures, and nerve decompression)
What are causes of cholestatic LFTs?
Impacted CBD gallstones Bile duct stricture Cholangiocarcinoma Head of p cancer Ampullary carcinoma Duodenal carcinoma Nodes at the porta hepatis
What abnormalities arre seen in a person who has consumed large quantities of alcohol for a significant time period?
Raised MCV Low platelet count Low urea, potassium and phosphate Raised GGT Low albumin
