Biochemistry Flashcards
What are the stop codon(s)?
UAA, UAG, UGA
What are the start codon(s)?
AUG
What are the purines?
Adenine and Guanine - they have 2 rings
What are the pyrimidines
Cytosine, uracil, and thymine - they have 1 ring
Which A.A. are necessary for purine synthesis
GAG - glycine, aspartate and glutamine
Which drugs impair pyrimidine synthesis? Leflunomide Methotrexate, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine 5-fluorouracil 6-mercaptopurine, azothioprine Mycophenolate, ribovarin Hydroxyurea
Leflunomide –> pyrimidine (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase)
Methotrexate, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine –> pyrimidine (dihydrofolate reductase)
5-fluorouracil –> pyrimidine (thymidylate synthase)
6-mercaptopurine (prodrug is azothioprine) –> purine
Mycophenolate, ribovarin –> purine (inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase)
Hydroxyurea –> both (inhibits ribonucleotide reductase)
Which drugs (3) affect the purine salvage pathway?
Allopurinol and febuxostat inhibit xanthine oxidase
Low-dose aspirin inhibits excretion of uric acid to urine
Probenecid increases excretion of uric acid to urine
What is the defect in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome?
What are the features of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome?
HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) deficiency, enzyyme of the purine salvage pathway, resulting in excess uric acid production and de novo purine synthesis. X-linked recessive disorder.
Features: HGPRT
Hyperuricemia, gout, pissed off (aggression and self-maiming), retardation, and tone (dystonia)
Orange “sand” (sodium urate crystals) in diaper
Treatment: allopurinol or febuxostat
Adenosine deaminase deficiency results in
autosomal recessive form of SCID
ADA is an enzyme in purine salvage and its absence leads to a build up of metabolites (dATP) that are toxic to lymphocytes
Which A.A. are encoded my only 1 codon?
AUG - methionine
UGG - tryptophan
Fluoroquinolones target which bacterial function?
Fluoroquinolones inhibit prokaryotic topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV, enzymes of DNA replication that create single or double strand breaks in DNA helix to remove supercoils
What is the mutation in Sickle Cell Disease?
Missense mutation - substitution of glutamic acid with valine
What is the mutation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Tay-Sachs disease?
Frameshift mutation
Lynch syndrome is a defect in ____________
Mismatch repair
Lynch syndrome = hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
In eukaryotes, what are the functions of RNA polymerase I, II, and III?
RNA Polymerase I –> rRNA
RNA Polymerase II –> mRNA
RNA Polymerase III –> tRNA