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Gastroenterology (Own) > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Converting glucose to glycogen

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2
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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3
Q

What is the purpose of liver glycogen?

A

To be broken down between meals to provide glucose to blood and brain cells

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4
Q

What is the purpose of muscle glycogen?

A

Provide energy for glycolysis and the TCA cycle

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5
Q

What is the primary source of glucose through the night (i.e. when the body has no food stores?)

A

Gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates

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7
Q

Name the 2 bonds in glycogen

A

a 1-4 glycosidic link

a 1-6 glucosidic link

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8
Q

Which glucosidic link makes branches

A

1-6

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9
Q

what is the primer in glycogen attached to?

A

Glycogenin

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10
Q

what are the two options of glucose-6-phosphate?

A
  1. Glycolysis

2. Converted to glucose in the liver

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11
Q

Activated form of glucose

A

UDP-glucose

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12
Q

Activated form of phosphate

A

ATP

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13
Q

Activated form of acetate

A

Acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

Name the transporter which gets glucose into the bloodstream

A

GLUT2

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15
Q

Hexokinase

A

Converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

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16
Q

Phosphoglucomutase

A

Reversible reaction between Glucose-6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate

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17
Q

UDP-glucose phosphorylase

A

Glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose

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18
Q

Glycogen synthase

A

UDP glucose to glycogen

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19
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

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20
Q

Glucose-6-phosphatase

A

glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

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21
Q

Where does energy come from for gluconeogenesis?

A

Oxidation of fatty acids from adipose tissue

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22
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Liver

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23
Q

What are the precursors of gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate
Amino acids
Glycerol

24
Q

What is synthesised to allow gluconeogenesis to continue?

A

Oxaloacetate

25
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Stimulate gluconeogenesis

Inhibit glycolysis

26
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Inhibit gluconeogenesis

Stimulate glycolysis

27
Q

Why is fat needed in the body (3 roles)?

A

Energy source
For essential fatty acids
Provides fat soluble vitamins

28
Q

Name the three types of lipids

A

Simple lipids
Compound lipids
Steroids

29
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A

Glycerol + three fatty acids

30
Q

3 main products of fat digestion

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides

31
Q

What happens to fatty acids in the mucosa of the intestine (both short and long)?

A

Short - absorbed into blood stream

Long - resynthesises (along with monoglycerides) back to triglycerides

32
Q

How are resynthesises triglycerides carried?

A

Via chylomicrons

33
Q

What are chylomicrons cleaved by and where?

A

Lipoprotein lipase in the muscle

34
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breakdown of lipids

35
Q

How is ACyl-CoA generated?

A

CoA + fatty acid

36
Q

What transports Acyl to the matrix?

A

Acyl carnitine

37
Q

Products of B-oxidation in the mitochondria?

A

1 Acetyl-CoA
1 fatty Acyl-CoA
1 FADH2
1 NADH + H+

38
Q

Total ATP yield from oxidation of one stearic acid?

A

120 ATP

39
Q

What are ketone bodies formed from?

A

Acetyl-CoA from B-oxidation

40
Q

Why are ketones produced in uncontrolled diabetes?

A

There is no oxaloaceteate (being used up in gluconeogenesis) so Acetyl-CoA can’t enter the TCA cycle to be made into energy

41
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Fatty acid synthesis

42
Q

What happens to excess carbohydrate?

A

Converted to fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver

43
Q

What transports acetyl groups into the cytoplasm?

A

Citrate (from TCA cycle)

44
Q

Which enzyme activates Acetly-CoA into Malony-CoA?

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

45
Q

When is fatty acid synthesis maximal?

A

When carbohydrates are abundant

46
Q

What increases the action of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Insulin and citrate

47
Q

What does glucagon do to the action of Acetly-CoA carboxylase?

A

SLOWS action

48
Q

What is required for the synthesis of triglycerides?

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate from glycerol (liver) and glucose (fat)

49
Q

Are amino acids stored?

A

No - catabolised in liver mainly

50
Q

What unwanted product does amino acid break down give?

A

Ammonium ions

51
Q

How are they mainly excreted?

A

Via urine (produced in liver)

52
Q

3 stages of urea synthesis

A

Transamination
De-amination
Urea cycle

53
Q

Where does De-amination occur?

A

In the liver

54
Q

What is the amino group converted to?

A

free ammonium ion

55
Q

3 components of urea

A

Carbon dioxide
Free ammonium ion
Aspartate

56
Q

What is the remaining carbon skeleton converted into?

A

TCA cycle intermediates

Gastroenterology (Own) (18 decks)

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