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SBI4U1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acid Polarity

A

Polar: water soluble
Non-Polar: lipid soluble

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down macromolecules by adding water

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3
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

Substance that gains an electron and forces the other atom to become oxidized

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4
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Substance that loses an electron and forces the other atom to become reduced

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5
Q

Amino Acid Electrical Charge

A

Acidic: negative charge
Basic: positive charge

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6
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Bond linking amino acids and proteins

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7
Q

Non-Polar R Groups

A

Will want to move towards inside of polypeptide folds

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8
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Hydrocarbon chain
Carboxyl group at one end of

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9
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Hydrocarbon chain
Carboxyl group at one end

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10
Q

Ester Bond

A

Covalent bond between glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids
Triglycerides and phospholipids

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11
Q

Sucrose

A

Alpha-glucose + fructose
Plants: transport and energy storage
Animals: energy source

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12
Q

Alpha-Helix

A

Secondary protein structure
Polypeptidechain coils into spiral
Held by hydrogen bonds every fourth amino acid

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13
Q

Protein Quaternary Structure

A

Multiple polypeptide chains join to form a functional protein (i.e. hemoglobin)

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14
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds

A

Ester bond between sugar and phosphate to form backbone of nucleic acid

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15
Q

Polar R Groups

A

Will want to interact with water on outside of polypeptide

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16
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal
Makes up ribosome where proteins are made in the cell

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17
Q

Saturated Fats

A

No double bonds
Solid at room temperature

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18
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger
Decodes DNA and takes it from nucleus to ribosome

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19
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer
Brings amino acids to ribosome to be incorporated into newly forming polypeptide chain

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20
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Store genetic information
DNA, RNA
Made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)

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21
Q

Lipids

A

Long-term energy storage, insulation
Always hydrophobic
Made of fatty acids, glycerol

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22
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Involve breakdown of macromolecules into smaller subunits

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23
Q

Amylose

A

Straight chain of alpha-glucose in alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

Beta Pleated Sheet

A

Secondary protein structure
Polypeptide chains fold into zigzag sheets
Held by hydrogen bonds

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25
Oxidation
An atom loses 1+ electrons
26
Unsaturated Fats
Double bonds Liquid at room temperature
27
Lactose
Alpha-glucose + galactose
28
Maltose
2 alpha-glucose
29
Reduction
An atom gains 1+ electrons
30
Anabolic Reactions
Involve creation of macromolecules from smaller subunits
31
Dehydration Synthesis
Builds macromolecules by removing water
32
Amylopectin
Amylose with branches of alpha-glucose off main chain in alpha 1-6 linkages
33
Proteins
Structure, enzymes, transport, immunity 20 types of amino acids
34
Macromolecules
Large molecules essential for life, made up of smaller units called monomers, joined with covalent bonds -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids
35
Carbohydrates
Quick energy & structural support Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
36
Denaturation
Protein loses shape & function due to change in pH or heat
37
Glycosidic Bond
Bond between monosaccharides and polysaccharides
38
Polysaccharides
Many sugars Starch, glycogen, cellulose
39
Disaccharide
Two sugars Sucrose=glucose+fructose
40
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar Glucose, fructose, galactose
41
Triglyceride
Glycerol backbone 3 fatty acids Hydrophobic
42
Phospholipids
Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail 2 fatty acids Glycerol backbone
43
Cell membrane
Controls what enters & exits the cell Made of phospholipid bilayer Selectively permeable
44
Glycolipids
Lipids with carbohydrate chains Found in cell membrane
45
Protein Channel
Passageway for molecules Passive transport (no energy) Ion channels for Na+ & K+
46
Protein Carrier
Active transport (needs energy) i.e. Na+/K+ pump
47
Cholesterol
Maintains fluidity & stability in membrane Between phospholipids
48
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration Passive transport
49
Endocytosis
Cell taking in large molecules by engulfing them Requires ATP Active transport
50
Exocytosis
Process of cell releasing large molecules Requires ATP Active transport
51
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance inside cell Support organelles, allowing chemical reactions to occur
52
Catalysts
Substances that speed up chemical reactions
53
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy Made of active site + substrate
54
Active Transport
Movement of molecules against concentration gradient (low to high) Requires ATP
55
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules without ATP along concentration gradient i.e. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
56
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate Cell’s energy currency Stores and provides energy from cellular reactions
57
Ribosomes
Small organelles that make proteins Found in cytoplasm or in the rough ER
58
Hypotonic
Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell Water moves into cell, causing swelling (potential to burst)
59
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Passive transport
60
Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
61
Functional Groups
Groups of atoms that give molecules specific properties i.e. hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH)
62
Aquaporin
Membrane protein that allows water molecules to pass through membrane Facilitated diffusion
63
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid outside cell Helps transport nutrients & waste
64
Polarity
Molecules with unequal charge distribution
65
Golgi Body
“Post Office” of the cell Modifies, packages & ships proteins
66
Substrate
Molecule an enzyme acts on
67
Active Site
Specific region where the substrate binds
68
Lock & Key Model
Enzyme & substrate fit perfectly
69
Induced Fit Model
Enzyme changes shape slightly to fit the substrate
70
Cofactors & Coenzymes
Molecules that help enzymes function
71
Fluid Mosaic Model
Structure of the cell membrane (phospholipids + proteins)
72
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport using protein channels
73
Hypertonic Solution
More soluble outside the cell —> cell shrinks
74
Isotonic Solution
Equal solute inside & outside —> cell stays the same
75
Endosymbiotic Theory
Explains how mitochondria & chloroplasts evolved
76
Cohesion
Water sticks to itself (creates surface tension)
77
Adhesion
Water sticks to other surfaces (i.e. in plant xylem)
78
High Specific Heat
Water resists temperature changes
79
Solvent Properties
Water dissolves many substances (universal solvent)
80

SBI4U1 (2 decks)

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