Biochemistry Flashcards
What is the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?
Organic- has carbon, derived from living things
Inorganic- no carbon, derived from nonliving things
Why is carbon a unique element?
It can create strong and stable bonds from the four valence electrons- need 8 for the octet rule
What is a hydrocarbon?
The simplest organic compounds, contains only carbon and hydrogen, are single bonds
What is an alkane?
Single bond
What is an alkene?
Double bond
What is an alykyne?
Triple bond
Methane
1c
Ethane
2c
Propane
3c
Butane
4c
Pentane
5c
Hexane
6c
Heptane
7c
Octane
8c
Nonane
9c
Decane
10c
What elements constitute carbohydrates?
C6 H12 O6
What is the ratio for monosaccharides?
1:2:1
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What are disaccharides?
Double sugars
What are polysaccharides?
Many sugars
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose- from plants
Fructose- from fruit
Galactose- in milk
Draw a monosaccharide
Hexagon with one OH bond
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose- glucose + fructose
Lactose- glucose + galactose
Maltose- glucose + glucose
Examples of polysaccharides
Starch- how plants store sugar
Glycogen- how animals store sugar
Cellulose- how plants get strong
Hydrolysis reaction/breakdown of a disaccharide
Water is split
Condensation reaction/ formation of a disaccharide
Water is created
5 properties of lipids
Stores long term energy
Doesn’t dissolve in water
Makes up cell membranes
Also known as fats, oils, and waxes
Forms from 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
One fact about each: fats, oils, and waxes
Fats- solids at room temp
Oils- liquids at room temp
Waxes- only one fatty acid
What makes up a lipid? 1____ and 3_____
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Draw a glycerol molecule
H
l
H - C - OH
l
H - C - OH
l
H - C - OH
l
H
Draw a fatty acid molecule
O H H
II l l
C - C - C - H
l l l
OH H H
What 4 elements do proteins contain?
C
H
O
N
Proteins are made up of ______, of which there are ____ types
amino acids, 20
amino group
N, two single bond H’s
Carboxyl group
C, double bond O, single bond OH
Amino acid
C single bonded to both H and an R group, amino group, and carboxyl group
R group
what distinguishes between different amino acids
Protein
2 amino acids with a peptide bond- forms one H2O
5 characteristics and/or functions of proteins
Makes up skin, hair, feathers, and horns
makes up bones and muscles
build and repair muscles
immune defense and blood clotting
act as enzymes
Reactants
the elements/compounds going into a reaction
Products
the elements/compounds produced by a chemical reaction
Law of Conservation of Matter
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, just rearranged
What is the function of a catalyst?
it speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
How are Enzymes and catalysts related?
Enzymes are catalysts in a living organism
How does an enzyme work?
Substrates bind to active site on the enzyme (lock and key), then form an ezyme-substrate complex. When the reaction is done, the products are released and the enzyme can do it again.
What happens to the activation energy with and without enzymes?
With- increased energy
Without- less energy
What factors affect enzyme activity
Temperature
pH level
Salt concentration
Icosane
20C
Pentacontane
50C
Hectane
100C
