Biochemistry Flashcards
what are the essential elements in the human body?
H, N, C, O, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mag, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and I.
what are the variations in carbon skeleton?
Length, branching, double bonds, and rings.
bonds important in cell interactions
hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, and electrovalent bonds.
what is an ionic bond and example?
=interaction between two oppositely charged atoms. eg NaCl and salt dissolved in water.
what is a covalent bond and example?
=sharing a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms. eg H+H =2H
categories of covalent bonds
Single covalent bonds are water, Ammonia, and Methane.
Double covalent bonds are oxygen O2
Triple covalent molecular nitrogen N2.
Hydrogen bond
the bond between intermolecular water molecules.
98% of living things are made of 6 elements?
N, O, H, Na, Cl, S, P……
living organisms are made of 65% water, what are the properties of water that makes it essential for life?
water is polar molecule
universal solvent
properties of particles
hydrophobic not attracted to water molecules.
hydrophilic attracted to water
what is the relationship between pH and H+
pH=-log[H+]
H+=10^pH
What does pH scale indicate?
The lower pH means more acidic and the higher pH means very basic but medium 7 indicates neutral.
what organisms live in low pH environments?
Helicobacter pylori bacteria that causes stomach ulcers.
the 4 building blocks of life, what are the 4 biological molecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. all have components of macromolecules.
Building polymers of molecules involves?
hydration reaction or anabolic where monomers are joined to for long and complex polymers where water is lost.
disassembling molecules involves?
catabolic reaction or hydrolysis where large chains of polymers are broken down to simpler and single monomers where water is released.
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy storage
cell structure
structural framework of DNA and RNA
linked to many proteins and lipids
involved in cell-cell adhesion or signaling.
examples of carbohydrates
starch, pectin, and glycogen for energy storage.
cellulose, peptidoglycan, and chitin for cell structures.
starch and cellulose structure
Alpha for storage where OH group at the bottom
Beta for structure OH group at the top.
