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MCAT > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Actin

A

makes up microfilaments and the thin filaments in myofibrils, the most abundant protein in eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Myosin

A

the primary motor protein that interacts w/ actin, roles include the thick filament in a myofibril and it is involved in cellular transport

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3
Q

Kinesins

A

motor protein assoc. w/ microtubules, roles in aligning chromosomes during metaphase and depolymerizing microtubules during anaphase of mitosis

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4
Q

Dyneins

A

motor protein assoc. w/ microtubules, involved in sliding movement of cilia and flagella

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5
Q

Native PAGE

A

useful to compare the molecular size or the charge of proteins known to be similar in size from other analytical methods like SDS-PAGE or size exclusion chromatography

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6
Q

Electrophoresis

A

subjects compounds to an electric field which moves them according to their net charge and size (neg. charged compounds migrate toward pos. charged anode & pos. charged compounds migrate toward neg. charged cathode), —small & charged molecules migrate faster than bigger electrically neutral molecules

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7
Q

SDS-PAGE

A

separates proteins on the basis of relative molecular mass alone

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8
Q

Isoelectric Focusing

A

exploits the acidic and basic properties of AAs by separating on the basis of isoelectric point (pI)

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9
Q

Chromatography

A

a variety of techniques that require the homogenized protein mixture to be fractionated through a porous matrix, preferred over electrophoresis when large amounts of protein are being separated

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10
Q

Size Exclusion Chromatography

A

the small compounds are slowed down and retained longer

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11
Q

The number of poss. stereoisomers of a compound can be calculated by

A

2^n

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12
Q

D-sugars

A

all have the hydroxide of their highest numbered chiral center on the right

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13
Q

L-sugars

A

all have the hydroxide of their highest numbered chiral center on the left

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14
Q

Epimers

A

special subtype of diastereomers that differ in configuration at exactly one chiral center

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15
Q

Tautomerization

A

the rearrangement of bonds in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen and forming a double bond

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16
Q

Enol

A

a compound w/ a double bond and an alcohol group

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17
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

contain only single bonds , form solids at room temperature

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18
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

includes one or more double bonds, tend to be liquids at room temperature

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19
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A (carotene) (vision, growth, development, immune function)
D (cholecalciferol) (increases calcium and phosphate uptake in the intestines, which promotes bone production)
E (biological antioxidants, prevents oxidative damage)
K (vital to post translational modification required to form prothrombin, an important clotting factor in the blood, introduce calcium-binding sites on several calcium-dependent proteins)

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20
Q

Saponification

A

is the ester hydrolysis of triaglycerols using a strong base (base traditionally used is lye)
-result is the basic cleavage of the fatty acid leaving the sodium salt of the fatty acid (what we know as soap) and glycerol

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21
Q

Purines

A

contain two rings in their structure; adenine (A) and guanine (G)

22
Q

Pyrimidines

A

contain only one ring in their structure; cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

23
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

an adenine (A) is always base-paired with a thymine (T) via two hydrogen bonds; a guanine (G) always base-pairs with a cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bonds

24
Q

Chargaff’s Rules

A

the amount of A equals the amount of T and the amount of G equals the amount of C

25
Q

DNA polymerase reads 3’ to 5’, but the following processes occur 5’ to 3’

A

-DNA synthesis
-DNA repair
-RNA transcription
-RNA translation

26
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries the information specifying an amino acid sequence of the protein to the ribosome

27
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

responsible for converting the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids and peptides

28
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

synthesized in the nucleolus and functions as an integral part of the ribosomal machinery used during protein assembly in the cytoplasm

29
Q

start codon

A

methionine (AUG)

30
Q

stop codon

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

31
Q

Passive transport

A

used by spontaneous processes that do not require energy (negative ΔG)
-utilize the concentration gradient to supply the energy for particles to move
ex: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

32
Q

Active transport

A

used by non spontaneous processes that require energy (positive ΔG), results in the net movement of a solute against its concentration gradient

33
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

maintains a low concentration of sodium ions and high concentration of potassium ions intracellularly by pumping three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions pumped in

34
Q

Fermentation

A

occurs in the absence of oxygen
-in yeast cells, it is the conversion of pyruvate (three carbons) to ethanol (two carbons) and carbon dioxide (one carbon)
-replinish NAD+

35
Q

Irreversible steps of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate Kinase

36
Q

Glycogenesis

A

the synthesis of glycogen granules
-begins w/ glycogenic

37
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

the breakdown of glycogen using two main enzymes: glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

38
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria, predominantly in the liver
-most of it is simply the reverse of glycolysis, using the same enzymes
-the 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis must be bypassed by different enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase, Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase, glucose 6 phosphatase

39
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells, functions: production of NADPH and serving as a source of ribose 5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis

40
Q

Krebs cycle

A

-occurs in the mitochondria (mitochondrial matrix)
-main function: the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and H2O, also produces high energy electron-carrying molecules NADH and FADH2
-although oxygen is not directly required in the cycle, the pathway will not occur anaerobically
-isocitrate dehydrogenase is the rate-limiting enzyme of this cycle
-high levels of ATP and NADH inhibit this cycle, while high levels of ADP and NAD+ promote it

41
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-complex 1: NADH + H+ + CoQ = NAD+ + CoQH2] (4 protons moved to intermembrane space)
-complex 2: succinate + CoQ + SH+ = fumarate + CoQH2 (no hydrogen pumping occurs here to contribute to the proton gradient)
-complex 3: CoQH2 + 2 cytochrome c [with Fe3+] = CoQ + 2 cytochrome c [with Fe2+] + 2H (four protons are diplaced to the intermembrane space)
-complex 4: 4 cytochrome c [with Fe2+] + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 cytochrome c [with Fe3+] + 2 H2O (two protons are moved across the membrane)

42
Q

Internal energy

A

the sum of all of the different interactions between and within atoms in a system; vibration, rotation, linear motion, and stored chemical energy
-bc the system is closed, the change in internal energy can only come in the form of work or heat, represented by the first law of thermodynamics, (ΔU = Q - W)

43
Q

Enthalpy

A

measures the overall change in heat of a system during a reaction
-at constant pressure and volume, enthalpy and thermodynamic heat heat exchange (Q) are equal

44
Q

Entropy

A

measures the degree of disorder or energy dispersion in a system
-carries the units J/K

45
Q

Gibbs Free Energy equation

A

ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
-predicts the direction in which a chemical rxn proceeds spontaneously
-spontaneous: forward direction, negative ΔG
-nonspontaneous: spontaneous in the reverse direction, positive ΔG

46
Q

ATP forms

A

-ATP consists of an adenosine molecule attached to 3 phosphate groups and is consumed either through hydrolysis or the transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule
-if one phosphate group is removed, ADP is produced
-if two phosphate groups are removed, AMP is produced
–continuous recycling of ATP, ADP, and Pi more than 1000 times per day accounts for this discrepancy

47
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of biomolecules

48
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of biomolecules for energy

49
Q

counter regulatory hormones

A

glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and growth hormone
-oppose the actions of insulin, their effect on skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver are opposite to the actions of insulin

50
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

increase basal metabolic rate
-T4: occurs after a latency of several hours but may last for several days
-T3: produces a more rapid increase in metabolic rate and has a shorter duration of activity

51
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

RQ = CO2 produced/ O2 produced
- carbohydrates: 1.0
- lipids: 0.7
- resting individuals: 0.8

MCAT (6 decks)

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