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Biology Exam Review > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main groups of organic molecules (macromolecules)

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are functional groups? What do the number and arrangement do?

A
  • Functional groups are components of organic molecules most commonly involved in chemical reactions
  • The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique set of properties
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3
Q

What does ATP stand for? What is it?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, it’s the primary energy transferring molecule in the cell

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4
Q

Dehydration reaction (synthesize or breakdown of a polymer?)

A

Synthesizing a polymer, removes water molecule so forms new bond

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5
Q

Hydrolysis (synthesize or breakdown of a polymer?)

A

Breaking down a polymer, adds water molecule, breaks a bond

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6
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrate polymers?

A

Carbohydrate polymers may be linear/branched

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7
Q

How are monosaccharides held together

A

Monosaccharides are held together by glycosidic bonds

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8
Q

Carbohydrates include:

A

sugars and the polymers of sugar

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9
Q

Simplest Carbohydrates:

A

sugars/simple sugars

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10
Q

Polysaccharides:

A

Carbohydrate molecules

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11
Q

What do monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides include?

A

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin

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12
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates? (Polysaccharides)

A

Storage (α):

Starch (Amylase): Plants
Glycogen: Animals, liver and muscle cells

Structure (β)

Cellulose: Plant cell walls
Chitin: exoskeletons of arthropods and fungi cell walls

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13
Q

Functional groups of carbohydrates:

A

Hydroxyl (-OH) and Carboxyl (-COOH)

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14
Q

Carbohydrate isomers:

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement and structural support

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16
Q

What determines the function in proteins?

A

Protein shape determines function

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17
Q

Polypeptide:

A

Chain of amino acids

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18
Q

What determines how the protein will fold into its 3D structure?

A

The properties of the amino acids of a polypeptide determine how the protein will fold into its functional 3-dimensional structure

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19
Q

What determines the structure/function of a region of a protein?

A

The interactions of the R groups of amino acids determine the structure/function of that region of the protein

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20
Q

How can protein shape cause a disease?

A

Misfolded proteins may cause disease

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21
Q

Protein folding:
What are the 4 levels of structures of proteins? What happens in each level?

A
  1. Primary structure: chain of amino acids (polypeptide chain)
  2. Secondary structure: polypeptides are held together by H-bonds (forms alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
  3. Tertiary structure: 3-dimensional folding pattern due to side chain interactions
  4. Quaternary structure: functional protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
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22
Q

How are amino acids grouped? What are the groups?

A

Amino acids are grouped according to the properties of their side chains

  • Hydrophobic (non-polar)
  • Hydrophilic (polar)
  • Ionic (electrically charged)
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23
Q

How are multiple amino acids held together by?

A

Multiple amino acids are held together by peptide bonds

24
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Lipids are hydrophobic and don’t form true polymers

25
Q

What are the three types of Lipids?

A

Fats, Phospholipids and Steroids

26
Q

What determines the structure/function of lipids?

A

Differences in saturation determine the structure/function of lipids

27
Q

Types of fats:

A

Saturated: solid at room temperature, single covalent bond
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, double covalent bond

28
Q

Phospholipids:

A

Major component of the cell membrane

29
Q

What is the steroid structure like?

A

Steroids: carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

30
Q

The 3 steroid hormones are:

A

Estrogen, Testosterone and Cortisol

31
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes but high cholesterol blood levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease

32
Q

What is the relationship between cholesterol and the lipid bilayer?

A

Cholesterol helps the lipid bilayer stay fluid in different environmental conditions

33
Q

What are the monomers of fats?

A

Fatty Acids

34
Q

What are triglycerides composed of? How many types are there?

A

Triglyceride: 3 fatty acids + glycerol

3 types: saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

35
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

36
Q

What do DNA and RNA contain?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose, double stranded, Thymine
RNA: Ribose, single stranded, Uracil

37
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

38
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Nitrogenous base + 5-carbon sugar + phosphate group

39
Q

How are nucleotides joined together?

A

Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds

40
Q

Purines pair with Pyrimidines:

A

Thymine/Uracil + Adenine: 2 H-bonds
Cytosine + Guanine: 3-H bonds

41
Q

What is ATP (regarding nucleic acids)? What is it composed of?

A

ATP is a nucleic acid, composed of a: adenine nitrogenous base + 5-carbon ribose sugar + 3 phosphate groups

42
Q

What influences the structure/function of nucleic acids?

A

Directionality influences the structure/function of nucleic acids

43
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Separates the cell from the extracellular fluid

44
Q

What does the cell membrane have?

A

Has a semi-fluid phospholipid bilayer with a variety of molecules imbedded and attached to the phospolipid

45
Q

How can phospholipids aggregate? What kind of forces are the held together by?

A

Phospholipids can aggregate in micelles or bilayers held together by Van Der Waals forces

46
Q

What 4 factors affect the fluidity of the cell membrane?
How does each one affect fluidity?

A
  • Temperature
  • hot is faster and cold is slower
  • Tail length
  • longer fatty acids have more intermolecular attractions and hold tighter together so LESS FLUID
  • Presence of cholesterol
  • room temp and higher: increases intermolecular forces so LESS FLUID
  • lower temp: breaks up the gel-like state of the phospholipids so MORE FLUID
  • Double bonds in fatty acid tails
  • form kinks so MORE FLUID
47
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins (inside and outside) ?

A

INSIDE: helps stabilize the cell membrane by attaching to the cytoskeleton
OUTSIDE: helps hold adjacent cells together

48
Q

What are integral proteins involved in?

A

Involved in transporting substances in/out the cell

49
Q

What are the 2 transport mechanisms?

A

Passive and Active transport

50
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules/ions across the cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration without an energy input (DOWN CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)

51
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Its a type of diffusion and it’s the transport using a membrane protein down the concentration gradient for that ion/molecule

52
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without an energy input

53
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of a solute across the cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration that requires an energy input (ATP )(AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT)

54
Q

What does primary active transport use?

A

Uses ATP to move molecules/ions

55
Q

What does secondary active transport use?

A

Uses a difference in charge to transport other molecules

56
Q

What do channel proteins create?

A

Channel proteins: create hydrophilic holes in the cell membrane, facilitating the transport of substances down the concentration gradient

57
Q

What are carrier proteins involved in?

A

Carrier proteins: involved in transporting substances in/out the cell and down/up the concentration gradient

Biology Exam Review (5 decks)

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