BioChemistry Flashcards
application of Chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels.
BIOCHEMISTRY
combined chemistry, biology, and physiology to investigate the foundation of living things.
BIOCHEMISTRY
molecule that is produced by living organisms
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are composed of:
● Carbohydrates
● Proteins
● Lipids
● Nucleic Acids
Building block- monosaccharides
Carbohydrates
are the only fuel source metabolized fast enough to support the hard exercise.
Carbohydrates
most important energy source for the body.
Carbohydrates
TRUE OR FALSE: The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and starches.
TRUE
is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis
is the simplest carbohydrate and cannot be hydrolyzed to produce a smaller carbohydrate molecule.
monosaccharide
contain two monosaccharide units,
Disaccharides
contain many monosaccharide units.
polysaccharides
TYPES OF MONOSACCHARIDES
Glucose, galactose, fructose (GluGalaFru)
TYPES OF DISACCHARIDES
●sucrose (glucose-fructose)
●lactose (galactose-glucose)
●maltose (glucose-glucose)
TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES
●Cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin (CellStarGlyChit)
another class of indispensable biomolecules, which make up around 50 percent of the cellular dry weight.
Proteins
are polymers of amino acids arranged in the form of polypeptide chains.
Proteins
are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body.
PROTEINS
They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.
PROTEINS
has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance.
PROTEINS
are biomolecules made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
PROTEINS
the first protein to have its 3D structure known by x-ray crystallography.
Myoglobin
Classification Based on Structure
●Fibrous protein, Globular protein, Intermediate protein
Classification Based on Composition
●Simple protein, Conjugated protein
Classification Based on Function
●Structural proteins, enzymes, hormones
●Pigments, transport proteins, contractile proteins
●Storage proteins, toxins
organic compounds insoluble with water.
LIPIDS
They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones and function as energy storage and chemical messenger.
LIPIDS
soluble with chloroform, acetone and benzene.
LIPIDS
are molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells.
LIPIDS
Examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E, and K), hormones, and most of the cell membrane that is not made up of protein.
The cell membrane’s phospholipids have
polar and nonpolar parts.
Glycerol+3 fatty acids=
triglyceride (triester of glycerol)
are the most common types of lipid groups.
Waxes, steroids, phospholipids, and fats
TRUE OR FALSE
Fats have glycerol in addition to three fatty acids. The structure of the fatty acids determines whether or not the fat is considered saturated or unsaturated.
TRUE
have four major components: fatty acids, a glycerol component, and both a phosphate group and a polar molecule.
Phospholipids
Human sex hormones, like BLANK, are classed as steroids. Steroids most often have a four-fused ring structure.
testosterone and estrogen
are composed of alcohol and fatty acid. Plants often have wax coatings that help them to conserve water.
Waxes
Building block- nucleotides
Nucleic acids
are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis.
Nucleic acids
The two main classes of nucleic acids are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
TRUE OR FALSE Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life.
TRUE
They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components:
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleobases of DNA
Thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine
Nucleobases of RNA
Uracil, cytosine, adenine, guanine
is the nucleic acid that stores genetic information.
DNA
is the nucleic acid responsible for using the genetic information in DNA to produce proteins.
RNA
are joined together to form nucleic acids through the phosphate group of one nucleotide connecting in an ester linkage to the OH group on the third carbon atom of the sugar unit of a second nucleotide.
Nucleotides
TRUE OR FALSE Two DNA strands link together in an antiparallel direction and are twisted to form a double helix. The nitrogenous bases face the inside of the helix. Guanine is always opposite cytosine, and adenine is always opposite thymine.
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