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biochem lec > biochemical systems and living cells > Flashcards

biochemical systems and living cells Flashcards

1
Q

level of organization of the living organism

A

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

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2
Q

why do we need to study organelles of the living cell in relation to biochemical systems?

A

1) provide information regarding the structure of the cell and the function and composition of each part
2) provide understanding of the relation of different biochemical systems (NA, P, L, C, E) to the organelles of the living cell

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3
Q

what is the CHIEF GOAL of biochemistry?

A

to understand the structure and behavior of biomolecules

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4
Q

carbon-containing compounds that make up the various parts of the living cell

A

biomolecules

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5
Q

they carry out chemical reactions that enable it to GROW, MAINTAIN AND REPRODUCE ITSELF, and USE AND STORE ENERGY

A

biomolecules

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6
Q

what are the classes of biomolecules?

A

lipids and glycerol, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins

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7
Q

the _____ of each biomolecule determines in what chemical reactions it is able to participate, and hence what _______ in the cell’s life processes

A

structure; role it plays

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8
Q

the most basic similarity is that all living things are composed of one or more cells

A

the cell theory

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9
Q

our knowledge of cells is built on work done with _____

A

microscopes

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10
Q

in 1665 first described cells from his observations of CORK SLICES

A

robert hooke

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11
Q

first used the word “cell”

A

robert hooke

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12
Q

in 1673 discovered microscopic animals in water

A

antoine van leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

in 1830’s were first to say that all organisms are made of one or more cells

A

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

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14
Q

in 1858 stated that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells

A

rudolf virchow

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15
Q

omnis cellula e cellula

A

every cell stems from another cell

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16
Q

the building blocks of life

A

cells

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17
Q

three principles of cell theory

A

1) all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
2) the cell is the basic unit of life
3) all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells

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18
Q

cells come in many shapes and sizes, although most are _______-

A

microscopic

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19
Q

most cells are small, what size?

A

0.001 cm = 1/100 mm = 10 µm

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20
Q

the smallest cells of the microorganism ________ are _______ in size

A

mycoplasma; 0.3 µm

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21
Q

biggest/largest cell

A

ostrich egg

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22
Q

______ red blood cells would fill the letter “O” on a page of type

A

40k rbc

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23
Q

you produce about ______ new red blood cells every second

A

2.5 million

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24
Q

each square cm of your skin contains about _______

A

150k skin cells

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25
Q

human beings are composed of about __________

A

50-100 trillion cells

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26
Q

they carry on all the processes associated with life, such as _______ and _________ with the environment

A

cells; reproducing and interacting

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27
Q

what are the main parts of the cell?

A

nucleus, cell/plasma membrane, cytoplasm

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28
Q

specialized structure within the cell which contains DNA and controls cell functioning and reproduction

A

nucleus

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29
Q

small bodies with specific structures and functions within the cell

A

organelles

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30
Q

the liquid substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane, in which the organelles are located

A

cytoplasm

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31
Q

the thin layer which separates the cell contents from it’s environment

A

cell/plasma membrane

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32
Q

what are the additional plant cell parts?

A

vacuole, cell wall, plastids

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33
Q

membrane enclosed, fluid-filled spaces

A

vacuole

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34
Q

surrounding the cell membrane

A

cell wall

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35
Q

membrane-bound structures that usually contain pigments and give plant cells their colors. (i.e. chloroplast)

A

plastids

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36
Q

its cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. they are unicellular

A

prokaryotes

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37
Q

contains the cell’s genetic information

A

nucleus

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38
Q

which produce energy for the cell

A

mitochondria

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39
Q

storage form of glucose

A

glycogen granules

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40
Q

a dangerous form of the normally benign E. coli bacteria which live in the intestine.

A

enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

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41
Q

usually transmitted by food poisoning, they can cause life-threatening diarrhoea, intestinal bleeding, kidney failure and disturbances to blood clotting.

A

E. coli 0111 bacteria

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42
Q

T OR F: there are no effective cures for EHEC, but there are treatments for dealing with the symptoms of infection

A

true

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43
Q

another strain of EHEC bacteria

A

E. coli 01571:H7

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44
Q

cells are surrounded by a thin membrane of ____ and _____, about _____ angstroms thick

A

lipid and protein; 100 angstroms

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45
Q

functions in transport of materials in and out of cell, recognition, communication, and homeostasis

A

cell/plasma membrane

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46
Q

it is a remarkable structure that has properties of a solid and a liquid

A

cell/plasma membrane

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47
Q

it forms a “fluid sea” in which proteins and other molecules like other lipids or carbohydrates are suspended (like icebergs) or anchored at various points on its surface

A

fluid mosaic model (Singer and Nicolson)

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48
Q

the _______ part is composed of side by side phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

A

“sea” or “fluid”; lipid bilayer

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49
Q

the solid part (the “____”) is the variety of proteins and other molecules embedded in the bilayer

A

mosaic

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50
Q

each phospholipid has a

A

hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

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51
Q

the membrane has a consistency of what oil

A

light machine oil

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52
Q

the membrane let some substances in but not others of the same size

A

selectively permeable

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53
Q

the plasma membrane that surrounds eukaryotic cells is a dynamic structure composed of ___ layers of ______ molecules interspersed with _____ and _______

A

two layers of phospholipid molecules; cholesterol and proteins

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54
Q

composed of a hydrophilic, or water-loving, head and two tails, which are hydrophobic, or water-hating

A

phospholipid

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55
Q

the two phospholipid layers face each other in the membrane, with the ____ directed outward and the _____ pointing inward

A

heads; tails

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56
Q

anchor the membrane to the cytoplasm, (the watery fluid inside the cell) and also to the water surrounding the cell

A

water-attracting heads

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57
Q

block large water-soluble molecules from passing through the membrane, while permitting fat-soluble molecules, including medications such as tranquilizers and sleeping pills, to freely cross the membrane

A

water-hating tails

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58
Q

_______ embedded in the plasma membrane carry out a variety of functions, including transport of large water soluble molecules such as _____ and certain _____

A

proteins; sugars; amino acids

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59
Q

serve in part to identify the cell as belonging to a unique organism, enabling the immune system to detect foreign cells, such as invading bacteria, which carry different glycoproteins

A

glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbo)

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60
Q

act as stabilizers that limit the movement of the two slippery phospholipids layers, which slide back and forth in the membrane

A

cholesterol molecules

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61
Q

enable small molecules such as oxygen (upper right) to diffuse readily into and out of the cell

A

tiny gaps in the membrane (interstices)

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62
Q

Since cells constantly use up oxygen, its concentration decreases within the cell. The higher concentration of oxygen outside the cell causes a ___________

A

net flow of oxygen into the cell

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63
Q

The steady stream of oxygen into the cell enables it to carry out ________ continually, a process that provides the cell with the energy needed to carry out its functions

A

aerobic respiration

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64
Q

it is made up of a large number of cellulose fibers cemented together (like the cellulose fibers in paper)

A

cell wall

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65
Q

cell wall is made up of what?

A

cellulose fibers (long molecule of carbohydrates)

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66
Q

cell wall is said to be as

A

semi-permeable

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67
Q

_____ molecules have little difficulty penetrating the cell wall, while ____ molecules may not be able to pass through

A

small; large

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68
Q

relatively rigid, lends shape to plant cell, does not participate in cell activity

A

cell wall

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69
Q

fungi cell wall is made of

A

chitin (amino sugar glucosamine)

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70
Q

bacteria cell is made of

A

murein (polysaccharide chain linked by amino acids)

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71
Q

they are the food makers for the world

A

chloroplasts and plastids

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72
Q

found in plant cells only

A

plastids

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73
Q

membrane-bound structures that usually contain pigments and give plant cells their colors

A

plastids

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74
Q

most prominent plastid is the

A

chloroplasts

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75
Q

some plastids are storage bodies for?

A

starch, protein, oils

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76
Q

cellular structures in plant cells which generally hold pigments

A

chloroplast

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77
Q

they are colored plastids

A

chromoplast

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78
Q

chlorophyll bearing plastids (green color)

A

chloroplasts

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79
Q

yellow or orange pigments, cream, red and brown

A

carotenoids/xanthrophylls

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80
Q

are white or colorless plastids

A

leucoplasts

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81
Q

contains starch, oils, and protein granules

A

leucoplasts

82
Q

inside of the chloroplast are membranous stacks of

A

grana

83
Q

this is where the chlorophyll is located

A

grana

84
Q

each pancake or granum is called a

A

thylakoid

85
Q

found inside the thylakoid

A

lumen

86
Q

are the double-membrane bound organelles in which PHOTOSYNTHESIS (the conversion of light energy to carbohydrates) occur)

A

chloroplasts

87
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

CO2 + H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + O2

88
Q

is the chemical that absorbs the energy of the sun to provide the energy required for reducing CO2 to Glucose

A

chlorophyll

89
Q

they are storage depots

A

vacuoles and vesicle

90
Q

it is a small vacuole

A

vesicle

91
Q

it is a large vesicle

A

vacuole

92
Q

used for transport and storage of materials

A

vesicle

93
Q

vacuoles and vesicles are formed by:

A

1) pinching off from the Golgi apparatus
2) endocytosis of the CM
3) extension of the ER membrane

94
Q

plant cells usually have one large

A

central vacuole

95
Q

functions of central vacuole

A

water, food, waste storages, cell support

96
Q

it is thought to be an extension of the ER membrane

A

central vacuole

97
Q

what do you call the membrane of central vacuole

A

tonoplast

98
Q

the water with dissolved substances (salts, sugars, organic acids) of central vacuole

A

cell sap (fluid)

99
Q

processing centers (vacuole)

A

food vacuole

100
Q

contains finished products such as fats (vacuole)

A

storage vacuole

101
Q

elimination of wastes (vacuole)

A

excretory vacuoles

102
Q

types of central vacuoles

A

food, storage, excretory vacuoles

103
Q

organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling

A

peroxisomes

104
Q

remove hydrogen atoms from small molecules and join the hydrogen atoms to oxygen to form ______, and then break it down into water and oxygen

A

peroxisomal enzymes; hydrogen peroxide

105
Q

the cell’s cpu

A

nucleus

106
Q

it is the control center or “brain” of cell

A

nucleus

107
Q

It contains the DNA and is site of manufacture of RNA

A

nucleus

108
Q

a large, centrally located organelle surrounded by nuclear envelope

A

nucleus

109
Q

is a double membrane (2 phospholipid bilayers thick) that has pores in it for molecules to enter and exit

A

nuclear envelope

110
Q

is very porous and is a continuation of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

nuclear envelope

111
Q

allow selected molecules into and out of the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

112
Q

also believed that they are the routes by which genetic messages (RNA) pass into the cytoplasm

A

nuclear pores

113
Q

iti is contained by a number of chromosomes

A

DNA

114
Q

it consists of long strands of DNA

A

chromosomes

115
Q

the DNA is tightly wound into coils with proteins called

A

histones

116
Q

combination of DNA and histone proteins

A

chromatin

117
Q

function in packaging of DNA during nuclear division and control of gene expression

A

chromosomes

118
Q

level of organization of the chromosome

A

DNA - beads on a string with histones (nucleosomes) - chromatin fiber - chromosome

119
Q

determines the metabolism, growth, differentiation, structure, and reproduction of cell

A

nucleus

120
Q

nucleus contains one or more DARK-STAINING discrete structures

A

nucleoli

121
Q

which are sites of RIBOSOMAL RIBONUCLEIC ACID (rRNA) SYNTHESIS

A

nucleoli

122
Q

is a system of MEMBRANOUS TUBULAR CANALS that begins just outside the nucleus and branches throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

123
Q

if ribosomes are attached to the ER

A

rough ER

124
Q

the function of rough ER is what

A

protein synthesis

125
Q

if no ribosomes are attached to the ER

A

smooth ER

126
Q

function of smooth ER is what

A

lipid synthesis

127
Q

required for the growth of the cell membrane and for the membranes of the organelles within the cell

A

lipids

128
Q

often used to make hormones

A

lipids

129
Q

detoxify drugs and chemicals in the cell (takes place in peroxisome vesicles which are often attached to smooth ER)

A

lipids

130
Q

provide an increase in surface area where chemical reactions can occur

A

ER membranes

131
Q

the channels of the reticulum provide both _____ for products synthesized by the cell and _____ through which material can travel through other parts of the cell

A

storage space; transportation routes

132
Q

the cell’s membrane factory

A

ER

133
Q

the main components of membranes throughout the cell, are synthesized in the smooth ER

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

134
Q

most of the proteins leaving the endoplasmic reticulum are still what

A

not mature

135
Q

proteins must undergo further processing in another organelle, the ______, before they are ready to perform their functions within or outside the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

136
Q

consist of rRNA and proteins

A

ribosomes

137
Q

is produced in the nucleolus and joined with proteins, then migrate through the nuclear pore to the cytoplasm for final assembly

A

rRNA

138
Q

attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes

139
Q

functions as the site for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

ribosomes

140
Q

each ribosome is made of two non-identical subunits

A

large and small subunits

141
Q

a stack of flattened, hollow cavities enclosed by membranes, which is often continuous with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

golgi apparatus

142
Q

golgi apparatus is also called as

A

golgi body/complex

143
Q

golgi apparatus is located near to the what?

A

nucleus and ER

144
Q

named after an italian anatomist

A

camillo golgi

145
Q

the stack of GA is made of ___ that looks like a flattened stack of hollow tubes

A

half dozen or more saccuoles

146
Q

each sac in the GA contains ____ that modify _____ as they pass through

A

enzymes; proteins

147
Q

functions of GA

A

modification, assembly, packaging, storage and secretion of substances

148
Q

t or f: the Golgi Apparatus receives newly manufactured PROTEIN (from the ER) on its INNER surface

A

true

149
Q

within the GA, the proteins are SORTED OUT, LABELED, and PACKAGED into _____ that “_____” the outer surface of the saccuoles

A

vesicles; pinch off

150
Q

these vesicles can then be transported to where they are needed within the cell, or can move to the cell membrane for export to the outside of the cell by ____

A

exocytosis

151
Q

this is the cellular stomach

A

lysosome

152
Q

special vesicles which are formed by the GA

A

lysosomes

153
Q

they contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosome

154
Q

functios of lysosomes:

A

1) cellular digestion
2) autodigestion
3) breakdown of a whole cell

155
Q

lysosomes are sometimes called as what?

A

suicide sacs

156
Q

lysosomes are known to contain over _______ that can digest almost anything in the cell, including _____

A

40 different enzymes; proteins, RNA, DNA, and carbohydrates

157
Q

solid intake of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

158
Q

fluid intake of endocytosis

A

pinocytosis

159
Q

lysosomes also appear to perform other digestive processes, such as those connected with ______

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

160
Q

they help destroy invading bacteria

A

lysosomes

161
Q

cell’s powerhouse

A

mitochondria

162
Q

largest organelles in ANIMAL CELL, after the nucleus

A

mitochondria

163
Q

are sausage-shaped or filamentous structures surrounded by a double-layered membrane

A

mitochondria

164
Q

mitochondria vary in diameter from 0.5 to 1 micrometer and in length up to 7 micrometers. (about the size of _____)

A

bacteria

165
Q

mitochondrion has two membranes

A

inner and outer membranes

166
Q

the inner is convoluted into shelf-like folds

A

cristae

167
Q

the enzymes responsible for cellular respiration are arranged, in assembly-line fashion, on the _____

A

cristae

168
Q

this is where energy is produced (mitochondria)

A

cristae

169
Q

mitochondrion mainly functions in what process?

A

aerobic energy metabolism (cellular respiration)

170
Q

it converts glucose and fatty acids to ATP, the cell’s primary energy molecule, as well as lesser amounts of other energy rich molecules

A

mitochondria

171
Q

overall formula for cellular respiration

A

O2 + C6H12O6 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP

172
Q

how many ATPs are produced?

A

38 ATPs

173
Q

they also help control the concentration of water, calcium, and other charged particles (ions) in the cytoplasm

A

mitochondria

174
Q

mitochondria have some of their _______ and ______ that resemble those of _____ cells

A

own DNA molecules and ribosomes; prokaryotic

175
Q

human mitochondrial DNA is a closed, circular molecule ____ nucleotide pairs long

A

16,569

176
Q

mitochondria are also self-____. They “reproduce” by ______

A

replicating; splitting in half

177
Q

mitochondria may have evolved from _____ that once developed a close relationship with primitive eucaryotic cells, and then lost the capacity to live outside the cel

A

bacteria

178
Q

another interesting characteristic of human mitochondria is the fact that all of a person’s mitochondria are descendants of those of their what?

A

mother

179
Q

two classes of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

180
Q

include the bacteria and the blue-green algae (the ___ kingdom)

A

prokaryotes; monera

181
Q

are all single-celled organisms that lack both a true nucleus and other membrane-bounded cellular substructures

A

prokaryotes

182
Q

prokaryotic DNA is usually what?

A

circular

183
Q

include plants, animals, protozoa, and fungi.

A

eukaryotes

184
Q

these cells contain nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

185
Q

the genetic material is organized into chromosomes

A

eukaryotes

186
Q

biomolecules are also called as what?

A

biochemical systems or macromolecules

187
Q

lipids do not what?

A

they do not polymerize

188
Q

proteins found in the body

A

natural proteins

189
Q

proteins needed by the body

A

essential proteins

190
Q

type of hormone that is injected into a pregnant mother

A

oxytocin

191
Q

this tells what protein our body needs

A

DNA

192
Q

contain sugar, base and a phosphate group as well

A

nucleotides

193
Q

contain only sugar

A

nucleosides

194
Q

what forms an ester?

A

carboxylic acid and alcohol

195
Q

fatty acids are composed of what?

A

long chain of carbons (12-18)

196
Q

this is the used alcohol in lipids

A

glycerol

197
Q

when do you say a protein is a true one?

A

if it is made up of at least 50 amino acids

198
Q

best souces of energy

A

carbohydrates and lipids

199
Q

this glucose is stored in muscles

A

glycogen

200
Q

these are dietary lipids and fats and oil

A

triacylglycerol

201
Q

leucoplasts are composed of what macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates and proteins

biochem lec (5 decks)

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