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Biochem > Biochem Test 1 > Flashcards

Biochem Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why should we study biochemistry

A

Through fundamental chemical principles we can understand life of the molecular level, improve our existence once we understand it

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2
Q

What are the central principles of biochemistry

A
  1. cells are the fundamental unit of life
  2. cells use a relatively small set of carbon-based metabolites to create polymeric machines, super molecular structures, and information repositories
  3. Living organisms exist in a dynamic steady state, never at equilibrium with their surroundings
  4. cells have the capacity for precise self replication and self-assembly using chemical information stored in the genome
  5. living organisms change over time by gradual evolution
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3
Q

Micrometers

A

1×10 ^-6 m

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4
Q

Nanometers

A

1 x 10 ^-9 m

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5
Q

Angstrum

A

1 x 10^-10

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6
Q

Size difference between bacteria and an animal cell

A

Animal cells tend to be 10 times larger than bacteria cells

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7
Q

Wavelengths of visible length

A

400 to 750 nm which is equal to 0.42 0.75 µm

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8
Q

What is the commonality between the outside of both animal and bacteria cells

A

Plasma membrane

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9
Q

Difference between animal and bacteria cell on the inside

A

Both have cytoplasm,
membrane-bound organelles in animal cells, genetic info held in the membrane in animal cells genetic info floats in bacteria cells
ribosome is in both

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10
Q

What do ribosomes do

A

Read mRNA

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11
Q

What are the three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

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12
Q

What are humans main source of energy

A

Organic chemicals

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13
Q

How big is the cell wall

A

50 Å

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14
Q

How big is protien

A

5 Å, could be as large as 10 Å if things are sticking out

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15
Q

How big is DNA

A

18 Å

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16
Q

How big are amino acids

A

3 to 5Å

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17
Q

How big are nucleotides

A

10 Å

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18
Q

How big is a carbon carbon bond

A

1.5 Å

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19
Q

How big is a carbon hydrogen bond

A

1.1 Å

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20
Q

What side of the periodic table are the metals on

A

Left except for hydrogen

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21
Q

What are the trace elements

A

Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Se, I

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22
Q

How is metabolic energy spent

A

To do cellular work

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23
Q

How does entropy change in the flow of energy

A

The total entropy of the system and surroundings increases which means more disorder

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24
Q

where do we get potential energy

A

Nutrients in environment(complex molecules such as sugars and fats), sunlight(in plants)

25
Q

What does cells do with potential energy

A

Convert it to do work, work will synthesize new molecules

26
Q

What cellular work does the cell do

A

Chemical synthesis, mechanical work, asthmatic and electrical gradient, light production, genetic information transfer

27
Q

What does he do to an energy system

A

Produces more disorder, cells produce lots of heat as a side product, keeps our body at a warm temp, disorder goes into environment by heating up

28
Q

What does the metabolism in our body do

A

Produces compound simpler than the initial fuel molecules: CO2, NH three, H2O, HP042-

29
Q

What is the main energy currency

A

ATP

30
Q

ATP equation

A

H2O + ATP4- –>ADP3- + PI 2- + H+

31
Q

What does hydrolysis of ATP lead to

A

Water across bonds

32
Q

What is metabolism

A

The overall network of enzyme catalyzed pathways both anabolic and catabolic. ATP and NAD are the connecting links between these pathways

33
Q

Basic idea of metabolism

A

Organisms take an energy and break down to simple molecules

34
Q

What allows for evolution

A

Changes in hereditary instructions

35
Q

How does an error occur in DNA replication

A

A rare mistake during DNA replication duplicates the hexokinase gene, a second round mistake result in a mutation in the second hexokinase gene, one base changed which changes the amino acid, it’s now uses substrate instead of a glucose and acts on other structures

36
Q

What does life most likely evolved from

A

In early RNA world

37
Q

Why do we have such complex cells

A

Ancestral cells involved mitochondria which is why we have more complex cells

38
Q

What is water

A

A small Bent Mountain polar bonds

39
Q

What can water molecules do with the protons

A

Can ionized, as protons to hop in aqueous solution explaining the high ionic mobility of H plus and solutions

40
Q

What buffers in blood cells

A

Bicarbonate

41
Q

What is the main buffering system in cells

A

Phosphate system

42
Q

What happens when pH is equal to the pKa

A

It will be the same amount in both forms

43
Q

What is so special about water

A

Strong intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds)
high melting and boiling point
high heat of vaporization

44
Q

Density of water as a liquid

A

Water molecules can be closer together so higher density, ice is a lower density

45
Q

What are the hydrogen acceptors

A

Oxygen, nitrogen or very rarely flourine

46
Q

What affects the solubility of salts in water

A

Driven by an increase in entropy, salt is more soluble in water than less polar solvents

47
Q

Why do we care about the solubility of gas in the water

A

Higher temperatures will favor the gas phase which decreases the O2 content in the oceans and ponds which affects our aquatic life

48
Q

How do non polar compounds interact with water

A

The non-polar groups will clump together

49
Q

What are non-covalent interactions responsible for

A

binding of enzyme with the substrate

50
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

The force necessary to resist water movement

51
Q

What does water do in a more concentrated solution

A

More water will move in

52
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

53
Q

What is this zwitter ion

A

Neutral because it has one side protonated and one that is not, in the pH range of 3 to 10

54
Q

In nature how are amino acids found

A

L

55
Q

What holds together amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

56
Q

What is a dihedral angle

A

Angle between plains formed by the back bone

57
Q

What is PI

A

PH when the charge on the molecule is zero in between buffering zones

58
Q

Order from protonated to least protonated

A

H3A+ <–>H2A<–>HA-<–>A2-

Biochem (4 decks)

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