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FIRST AID > Biochem: Nutrition > Flashcards

Biochem: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Sx of vit A def?

A

night blindness, dry skin, xeropthalmia, keratomalacia, bitot spots, squamous metaplasia

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2
Q

Sx of vit A tox?

A

arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, skin changes, sore throat, alopecia, teratogen, increased ICP

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3
Q

In general, what can B complex deficiencies cause?

A

dermatitis, glossitis and diarrhea

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4
Q

What can vitamin A be used to treat?

A

AML, measles

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5
Q

What is thiamine found in? What does it assist in?

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor for decarboxylation reactions

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • a Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • transketolase
  • branched chain amino acid dehydrogenase
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6
Q

What happens with B1 def?

A

ATP depletion, woresened by glucose infusion

Wernicke Korsakoff and beriberi

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7
Q

What is the triad of wernicke korsakoff?

A

confusion, opthalmoplegia, atasia (+confabulation, personality change, memory loss)

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8
Q

What sx of wernicke korsakoff is often permanent?

A

memory loss

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9
Q

What is B2 a cofactor for?

A

riboflavin
oxidation and reduction rxs (dehydrogenases)
is in FAD and FMN

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10
Q

What is seen in B2 deficiency?

A

cheilosis, corneal vascularization glossitis

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11
Q

What does B3 contribute to?

A

alt name-niacin

NAD+ & NADP+, for redox rxns

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12
Q

How is B3 made?

A

from tryptophan

requires B6 and B2

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13
Q

What is seen in B3 def?

A

glossitis, pellagra (can be caused by hartnup disease), malignant carcinoid syndrome, INH

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14
Q

What are the sx of pellagra?

A

Diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis

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15
Q

What is seen with excess niacin (B3)?

A

facial flushing

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16
Q

What is B5 used for?

A

alt name-pantothenate

component of CoA and fatty acid synthase

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17
Q

What is seen in B5 def?

A

dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

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18
Q

What is B6 used for?

A

converted to pyridoxal phosphate-cofactor in transamination/deamination, decarboxylation rxns, glycogen phosphorylase
for synthesis of cystathionin, heme, niacin, histamine and NTs (5-HT, Epi, NA, GABA)

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19
Q

What is seen in B6 deficiency??

A

convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheralneuropathy

sideroblastic anemias

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20
Q

What vitamins does isoniazid inhibit?

A

B6 and B3

pyridoxine and niacin

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21
Q

What is biotin used for?

A

cofactor for carboxylation enzymes

  • pyruvate carboxylase
  • Acetyle CoA carboxylase
  • propionyl CoA carboxylase
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22
Q

What can cause B7 deficiency?

A

avidin in raw egg whites or abx use

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23
Q

Sx of B7 deficiency?

A

dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis

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24
Q

What is B9 used for?

A

converted to tetrahydrofolate-a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation rxns
for synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

25
Q

What is seen in B9 deficiency?

A

macrocytis megaloblastic anemia w/hypersegmented PMNs
NO neurological sx
NT defects

26
Q

what drugs can cause B9 deficiency?

A

phenytoin, sulfonamides, MTX

27
Q

What is B12 used for?

A

cofactor for hmocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl coA mutase

28
Q

What is seen in B12 def?

A

macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, neurologic sx (parasthesias, subacute combined degeneration)

29
Q

What lab values are seen in B12 def?

A

increased MMA

increased homocystiene

30
Q

What causes B12 def?

A

malabsorption, lack of intrinsick factor, crohns, diphyllobothrium latum

31
Q

What is SAM made of?

A

ATP and methionine

32
Q

What does SAM do?

A

donate methy units

33
Q

What doese regeneratin of methionine/SAM depend on?

A

B12 and folate

34
Q

What is SAM required for?

A

conversion of NE to Epi

35
Q

What does vit C do?

A

antioxidant
facilatates Fe abs by keeping 2+
for hydroxylation of lysine & proline in collage synth
needed to convert dopamine to NE (dopamine B hydroxylase)

36
Q

What is seen in Vit C def?

A

SCURVY
swollen gums, bruisnig hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing
weakened immune response

37
Q

What is seen in Vit C tox?

A

N/V, diarrhea, fatigue, sleep issue

increased risk iron toxicity in predisposed

38
Q

What is the form of vit D stored?

A

25-OH D3

39
Q

What is an alternative name for active vit D?

A

calcitriol

40
Q

What is Vit D used for?

A

increasing intestinal absoprtion of calcium and phospase, increasing bone mineralization

41
Q

Vit D deficiency?

A

Rickets-kids, bone pain and deformity
Osteomalacia-adults, bone pain, muscle weakness
hypocalemic tetany, breast milk has decreased vit D (esp in dark skinned pts)

42
Q

What is seen in vit D tox?

A

hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, stupor

seen w/ sarcoidosis (increased activation of vit D by epitheliod MOs)

43
Q

What is another name for vit E?

A

a tocopherol

44
Q

What is vit Es job?

A

antioxidant-protects RBCs and membranes from free radical damage

45
Q

What is seen in Vit E deficiency?

A

fragility of erythrocytes/hemolytic anemia, muscle (esp proximal) muscle weakness, posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

46
Q

What is Vit K for?

A

catalyzes gammacarboxlation of gluatmic acid in blood clotting proteins, made by intestinal flora

47
Q

What is seen w vit K def?

A

neonatal hemorrhage w/prolonged PT and PTT but normal bleeding time
can occur after broad spectrum abx

48
Q

What factors need vit K?

A

2, 7, 9, 10, protein C, protein S

49
Q

What is zinc needed for?

A

over 100 enzymes, essential for lactate dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase, needed for zinc fingers

50
Q

Zinc def sx?

A

delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, decreased adult hair, dysgeusia, anosmia, may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis, impaired night vision, anorexia, diarrhea, growth retardation, decreased mental function, infertility

51
Q

What drug inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

fomepizole

antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

52
Q

What drug inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase?

A

disulfiram

enhances hangover sx

53
Q

What is the limiting reagent in alcohol metabolism?

A

NAD+

54
Q

what type of kinetics for EtOH met?

A

zero order

55
Q

Describe ethanol hypoglycemia

A

increased NADH:NAD+ ratio in the liver, diverts pyruvate to lactate & OAA to malate, inhibits gluconeogenesis and stimulates fatty acid synthesis
leads to hypoglycemia and hepatic fatty change
over production of lactate can lead to acidosis, depletion of OAA shuts down TCA, leads to ketone production

56
Q

What drugs have a disulfiram like reaction?

A

metronidazole
certain cephalosporins
procarbazine
1st gen sulfonylureas

57
Q

Sx of kwashiorkor

A

skin lesions, liver malfunction (fatty), small child w/swollen belly, edema, anemia
protein lacking

58
Q

Sx of marasmus

A

tissue and muscle wasting, loss of subcut fat, variable edema

59
Q

What causes refeeding s/o?

A

overall ATP depletion

decreased serum Mg2+, PO4-, K+—arrhythmias and neurologic problems

FIRST AID (8 decks)

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