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Clinical Neuroscience > Biochem- Neurochemical Messengers > Flashcards

Biochem- Neurochemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 catacholamines?

A

Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)

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2
Q

Which amino acid are the catecholamines derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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3
Q

Where do you get tyrosine for the synthesis of the catecholamines?

A

The liveer or diet

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4
Q

Which enzyme is the RLS and converts L-Tyr to L-DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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5
Q

What are the 2 substrates that tyrosine hydroxylase needs for the conversion of Try –>l-dopa?

A

BH4 and O2

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6
Q

Which enzyme converts L-dopa –> DA?

A

Dopa decarboxylase

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7
Q

Where is DA synthesized in the presynaptic terminal?

A

The cytosol

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8
Q

Once DA gets inside presynaptic vesicles, what 2 things can happen?

A
  1. It can wait to be released if the neuron is dopaminergic, or 2. be converted to NE if the neuron is adrenergic.
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9
Q

Which enzyme and substrates convert DA –> NE?

A

dβh

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10
Q

If the cell is going to release E, what is the enzyme to convert NE –> E?

A

PMNT (1 letter away from being the most badass cartoon in the history of all cartoons. I used to call myself Danieltello and my friend growing up was Michaelangelo. CHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA)

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11
Q

PMNT requires an important substrate for methylation of NE to make E. Which one is that?

A

SAM

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12
Q

The synthesis of SAM requires what 2 important substrates?

A

Folate and B12

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13
Q

So the administration of SAM can treat what type of disorder? Why?

A

Depression, becuase NT’s need it to methylate precursors like NE, which are depressed in the brain.

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14
Q

What is the name of the transporter that takes up DA into storage vesicles?

A

VMAT2

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15
Q

VMAT2 uses what type of energy system to get DA into the cells?

A

Secondary active transport by having protons pumped into the vesicles by vesicular ATPase and then they can exchange for a positively charged catecholamine to get in the vesicle.

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16
Q

In the vesicle, what other 2 things are the DA molecules complexed with?

A

ATP and chromogranins

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17
Q

Which drug can inhibit the VMAT2 channel and block the DA storage?

A

Reserpine

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18
Q

Schizophrenia has what type of change in D2 receptors?

A

Excessive activation

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19
Q

Street heroin (MPTP) can be metabolized by what enzyme to induce oxidative damage to the neurons?

A

MAO-B

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20
Q

What is tyramine?

A

Tyramine is a degredation product of Tyr and can lead to headaches, palpitations, nausea and vomiting because it mimics NE and binds to their receptors.

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21
Q

What happens to tyramine levels if someone is taking an MAOi?

A

It’s normally inactivated by MAO-A so it will increase if someone is taking an MAOi

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22
Q

D1/D5- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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23
Q

D1/D5- Metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gs pathway

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24
Q

D2/D3/D4- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

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25
Q

D2/D3/D4- Metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gi pathway

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26
Q

α1 – excitatory or inhbitory?

A

Excitatory

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27
Q

α1 – metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gq pathway

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28
Q

α2 – excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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29
Q

α2 – metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gi pathway

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30
Q

β1, β2, β3– excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

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31
Q

β1, β2, β3– metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gs pathway

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32
Q

What is the general role of MAO’s?

A

inactivates catecholamines are are not protected in the vesicles.

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33
Q

Which 2 NT’s does MAO-A’s degrade?

A

NE and serotonin

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34
Q

Which NT’s does MAO-B degrade?

A

degrades a wide spectrum of phenylethylamines.

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35
Q

What does COMT do?

A

transfers a methyl group from SAM to a hydroxyl group on the catecholamine

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36
Q

Which 2 vitamins is COMT dependent on indirectly?

A

Dependent on B12 and folate indirectly b/c of SAM.

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37
Q

HVA in the urine and blood is a marker for the turnover or what catecholamine?

A

DA

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38
Q

VMA in the urine and blood is a marker for the turnover of which catecholamines?

A

NE and E

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39
Q

What are the 2 indolamines?

A

Serotonin and melatonin

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40
Q

Which AA is serotonin and melatonin made from?

A

Tryptophan

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41
Q

What is the enzyme that uses BH4 and O2 to convert Trp –> 5-hydroxy Trp?

A

Trp hydroxylase

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42
Q

What is the enzyme that converts 5-OH Trp to serotonin?

A

Dopa decarboxylase

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43
Q

Where is melatonin synthesized in the body?

A

The pineal gland

44
Q

Which 2 substrates are used to convert serotonin to melatonin?

A

Acetyl CoA and SAM

45
Q

Which drugs can inhibit the 5HT reuptake pump to treat depression?

A

SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

46
Q

Novel anti-anxiety drugs are 5HT1 agonists or antagonists?

47
Q

LSD is a 5HT2 agonist or antagonist?

48
Q

5HT1/5HT5- excitatory or inhbitory?

A

Inhibitory

49
Q

5HT1/5HT5- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gi pathway

50
Q

5HT2- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

51
Q

5HT2- metabotripic or ionotropic?

A

Gq pathway

52
Q

5HT3- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

53
Q

5HT3- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Ionotropic

54
Q

5HT4/6/7- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

55
Q

5HT4/6/7- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Cs pathway

56
Q

How can MAOi’s treat depression?

A

Remember MAO-A’s degrade serotonin, so taking an MAOi causes increased serotonin

57
Q

Typical antipsycotics block which R?

58
Q

Atypical antipsychotics block which R?

59
Q

Chemotherapy anti-neusea drugs block which R?

60
Q

Histamine is made from which AA?

61
Q

What cells make histamine?

A

mast cells

62
Q

What is the single enzymatic step to make histamine?

A

histidine debarboxylase convers histidine to histamine with PLP

63
Q

H1- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

64
Q

H1- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gq pathway

65
Q

H2- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

66
Q

H2- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gs pathway

67
Q

H3/4- Excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

68
Q

H3/4- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gi pathway

69
Q

What 2 substances inactivate hsitamine?

A

Histamine isn’t recycled into the presynaptic terminal to any great extent. It instead is inactivated by methylation from SAM and then oxidation by MAO-B.

70
Q

What 2 things is Ach made from?

A

choline and acetyl CoA

71
Q

What enzyme converts choline and acetyl CoA to Ach?

72
Q

Where does ChAT make Ach in the nerve terminal?

A

the cytoplasm

73
Q

Why is choline indirectly tied to the use of vitamin B12?

A

because it can be made from the synthesis of phospholipids, and that uses SAM, which is made from B12

74
Q

What happens in lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome?

A

Antibodies against the voltage-gated Ca++ channels –> decreased Ach release. (similar to MG)

75
Q

What causes myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune rxn against α1 subunit of the NmAChR. From drugs, viruses or thymomas.

76
Q

How do you diagnose and treat MG?

A

Diagnose with edrophonium to see 30 sec improvement. Tx- AchE blockers, pyridostigmine is best.

77
Q

N1/N2- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

78
Q

N1/N2- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

ionotropic

79
Q

M1/M3/M5- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

80
Q

M1/M3/M5- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gq pathway

81
Q

M2/M4- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

82
Q

M2/M4- metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Gi pathway

83
Q

Glutamate is synthesized from which molecule?

84
Q

Glutamine is synthesized from which molecule?

A

α-ketogluterate

85
Q

How can α-ketogluterate get converted to glutamate directly?

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase can convert it

86
Q

α-ketogluterate can get converted to gluamine using which process?

A

transamination

87
Q

Glutamine can get converted to glutamate using which enzyme?

A

glutaminase

88
Q

GABA can get made from glutamate using what enzyme?

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

89
Q

What are the AMPA receptors?

A

Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium Channels

90
Q

What are the Kainate receptors?

A

Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium Channels

91
Q

What are the NMDA recepotors?

A

Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels

92
Q

What are the mGluR1&5 receptors?

A

Excitatory Metabotropic linked to increased DAG & IP3

93
Q

What are the mGluR2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 receptors?

A

Inhibitory - Metabotropic linked to decreased cAMP

94
Q

What are the GABAA receptors?

A

Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels

95
Q

What are the GABAB receptors?

A

Inhibitory Metabotropic triggered outward Potassium Channels

• Similar to inhibitory mGluR’s

96
Q

What are the GABAC receptors?

A

Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels

• Similar to A but highly expressed in the retina

97
Q

Which molecule is Aspartate synthesized from?

A

Oxaloacetate?

98
Q

How is Aspartate synthesized from OAA?

A

transamination reactions

99
Q

Which R’s does Aspartate act on?

A

NMDA - Excitatory Ligand Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels

100
Q

Which AA is Glycine synthesized from?

101
Q

Which enzyme converts Ser –> Gly?

A

hydroxymethyltransferase

102
Q

Which R’s does Gly act on?

A

” Inhibitory Ligand Gated Chloride Channels

• Similar to GABAA but found in spinal cord.”

103
Q

Which AA is nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from?

104
Q

Which enzyme converts Arg –> NO?

A

NO synthase

105
Q

What are the roles of NO in the body?

A

Messenger in a lot of pathways- vasodilation, neurotransmission and the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells and parasites.

106
Q

Does NO have receptors?

A

no

lol get it. NO –> no.

this is horrible.

Clinical Neuroscience (12 decks)

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