Biochem - Metabolism (Basic facts/terminology) Flashcards
Pg. 98-99 in First Aid 2014 Sections include: -Metabolism sites -Enzyme terminology -Rate-determining enzymes of metabolic processes
What are 4 types of metabolism that occur solely in mitochondria?
(1) Fatty acid oxidation (Beta-oxidation) (2) Acetyl-CoA production (3) TCA Cycle (4) Oxidative phosphorylation
What are 6 types of metabolism that occur solely in cytoplasm?
(1) Glycolysis (2) Fatty acid synthesis (3) HMP shunt (4) Protein synthesis (RER) (5) Steroid synthesis (SER) (6) Cholesterol synthesis
What are the major options for sites of metabolism?
Metabolism sites: (1) Mitochondria (2) Cytoplasm (3) Both
What are 3 types of metabolism that occur in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm?
(1) Heme synthesis (2) Urea cycle (3) Gluconeogenesis; Think: “HUGs take two (i.e., both)”
What is the function of glucokinase?
Glucokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose using a molecule of ATP
What is the function of a Kinase? Give an example.
Uses ATP to add high-energy phosphate group onto substrate (e.g., phosphofructokinase)
What is the function of a Phosphorylase? Give an example.
Adds inorganic phosphate onto substrate without using ATP (e.g., glycogen phosphorylase)
What is the function of a Phosphatase? Give an example.
Removes phosphate group from substrate (e.g., fructose-1,6-biphosphatase).
What is the function of a Dehydrogenase? Give an example.
Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase).
What is the function of a Hydroxylase? Give an example.
Adds hydroxyl group (-OH) onto substrate (e.g., tyrosine hydroxylase).
What is the function of a Carboxylase? Give an example.
Transfers CO2 groups with the help of biotin (e.g., pyruvate carboxylase).
What is the function of a Mutase? Give an example.
Relocates a functional group within a molecule (e.g., vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase).
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Glycolysis?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
For which process is Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) the rate-determining enzyme? What are the positive versus negative regulators of PFK-1?
Glycolysis; POSITIVE: AMP, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; NEGATIVE: ATP, citrate
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Gluconeogenesis?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
For which process is Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase the rate-determining enzyme? What are the positive versus negative regulators of Fructose-1,6-biphosphate?
Gluconeogenesis; POSITIVE: ATP, acetyl-CoA; NEGATIVE: AMP, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
What is the rate-determining enzyme of the TCA cycle?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
For which process is Isocitrate dehydrogenase the rate-determining enzyme? What are the positive versus negative regulators of Isocitrate dehydrogenase?
TCA cycle; POSITIVE: ADP; NEGATIVE: ATP, NADH
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Glycogenesis?
Glycogen synthase
For which process is Glycogen synthase the rate-determining enzyme? What are its positive versus negative regulators?
Glycogenesis; POSITIVE: Glucose-6-phosphate, Insulin, Cortisol; NEGATIVE: Epinephrine, glucagon
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Glycogenolysis?
Glycogen phosphorylase
For which process is Glycogen phosphorylase the rate-determining enzyme? What are its positive versus negative regulators?
Glycogenolysis; POSITIVE: Epinephrine, Glucagon, AMP; NEGATIVE: Glucose-6-phosphate, Insulin, ATP
What is the rate-determining enzyme of the HMP shunt?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
For which process is Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase the rate-determining enzyme? What are its positive versus negative regulators?
HMP shunt; POSITIVE: NADP+; NEGATIVE: NADPH
What is the rate-determining enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis?
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
For which process is Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II the rate-determining enzyme?
De novo pyrimidine synthesis
What is the rate-determining enzyme of De novo purine synthesis?
Glutamine-Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase
For which process is Glutamine-Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase the rate-determining enzyme? What are its negative regulators?
De novo purine synthesis; NEGATIVE: AMP, Inosine monophosphate (IMP), GMP
What is the rate-determining enzyme of the Urea cycle?
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
For which process is Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I the rate-determining enzyme? What is its positive regulator?
Urea cycle; POSITIVE: N-acetylglutamate
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)
For which process is Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) the rate-determining enzyme? What are its positive versus negative regulators?
Fatty acid synthesis; POSITIVE: Insulin, citrate; NEGATIVE: Glucagon, Palmitoyl-CoA
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Fatty acid oxidation?
Carnitine acyltransferase I
For which process is Carnitine acyltransferase I the rate-determining enzyme? What is its negative regulator?
Fatty acid oxidation; NEGATIVE: Malonyl-CoA
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Ketogenesis?
HMG-CoA synthetase
For which process is HMG-CoA synthetase the rate-determining enzyme?
Ketogenesis
What is the rate-determining enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis?
HMG-CoA reductase
For which process is HMG-CoA reductase the rate-determining enzyme? What are its positive versus negative regulators?
Cholesterol synthesis; POSITIVE: Insulin, Thyroxine; NEGATIVE: Glucagon, Cholesterol
