Biochem & Meta Midterm Flashcards
7 conventional definitions of life
- Organization
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
- Growth
- Homeostasis
- Response to stimuli
- Adaptation
other proposed features of life
carbon-containing - chemical element that forms basis of life on earth
reliance on water - chemical substance needed for survival of all forms of life on earth
genetic information - uses DNA & RNA to store blueprint of organism
6 bio elements
hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are the Shared Molecular Characteristics?
- Life obeys the laws of thermodynamics
- ATP is the energy currency of life
- Life is composed of similar biological molecules
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another (energy from food is being transformed into chemical energy)
2nd law of thermodynamics
all processes increase entropy (disorder) (Biochemical application (catabolism): large food molecules = less entropy, are broken down into smaller molecules = more entropy)
Micronutrient
a nutrient required in small amounts
- all vitamins (A, B, C, D, E, K)
- microminerals - iron, copper, manganese, zinc
macronutrient
nutrient required in large amounts
- carbs, protein, lipids
- also some minerals - calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous
what do vitamins do?
act as co-factors for enzymes, organic compounds that are only loosely bound to the enzyme during its reaction, but they are required for the enzyme to function properly
3 kinds of hydrocarbons
- Alkane: carbon-carbon bonds are all singe bonds
- Alkene: there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond
- Alkyne: there is at least one carbon-carbon triple bond
Prefix for # of carbons
meth - 1 eth - 2 prop -3 but - 4 pent - 5 hex - 6 hept - 7 oct - 8 non - 9 dec - 10
Naming branched alkanes
- Identify the longest linear carbon chain (parent chain)
- name parent chain using learn naming rules (prefix for number of carbons, suffix for alkane, “ene” “yne”)
- Number the carbons on the parent chain so side chains (branches) occur at the lowest possible numbers
- Name each side chain using linear naming rules and change the suffix from “-ane” to “-yl”
- List the side chain(s) before the parents chain and number them
9 functional groups
- alcohol
- ether
- amine
- aldehyde
- carboxylic acid
- ketone
- ester
- phosphate
- thiol
Alcohol -OH group
R-O-H
Naming: (# of C with -OH) - (parent chain name, suffix “ol”)
CH3-CH-CH3
|
OH
(1-propanol)
Rules for naming Hydrocarbons with functional groups
- functional groups have priority over side branches for numbering the parent chain
- determine the parent chain: longest chain that includes the carbon with the functional group (may not be the longest!!!)
- number and name the parent chain to give the lowest number to the carbons the functional group (even if this gives higher numbers to branches)
- if there are branches, number and name them, and place them before the parent chain, same as before
- follow the naming rules for the specific functional group
Ethers R-O-R group
naming: (name of each R group, “ane” replaced with “yl”) + suffix “ether”
Amines -N- group
3 possible types: Primary: one R group Secondary: two R groups Tertiary: three R groups *R group must have carbon bound to N
naming: (Name of R group, ane replaced with yl) + suffix amine
CH3-CH2-CH2-N-CH3
|
CH3-CH3
(ethyl methyl propyl amine)
Aldehydes -CO group
O
||
R-C-H
Naming: (parent chain name) + suffix “al” instead of “e”
O
|| CH3-CH2-CH (propanal)
- total # of carbons includes the C in the aldehyde groups
- aldehyde groups are always at the end of molecules and always contain carbon #1, so its unnecessary to indicate aldehyde location
Carboxylic acids -COOH group
O
||
R-C-OH
Because functional group contains C, R group does not HAVE to
Naming: (parent chain) + suffix "oic acid" instead of "e"
O
||
H-C-OH
(methanoic acid)
- total # of carbons includes the C in the carboxylic acid group
- always at the end of molecules and always contain carbon #1, so no need to indicate location (similar to aldehyde)
Ketones -COR group
O
||
R1-C-R2
Even though functional group contains C, both R groups MUST contain C, or else it would be an aldehyde or carboxylic acid
naming: (# of C with ketone) + parent name + suffix “one” replacing “e”
O
|| CH3-CH2-C-CH2-CH3 (3-pentanone)
Esters -COOR group
O
||
R-C-OR’
R’ group HAS to contain C
carboxylic acid + alcohol = ester + water
naming:
esters are named for the alcohol and the carboxylic acid which combined to make the ester
- name alcohol and replace the “ol” with “yl”
- name the carboxylic acid and place the “oic acid” with “oate”
- the ester name has alcohol first and carboxylic acid second (alphabetical does not apply here)
4 carbonyl compounds (contain C=O, double bond)
aldehydes
carboxylic acids
esters
ketones
Thiols -SH group
R-S-H
naming:
parent chain name + suffix thiol
- alkane name remains unaltered when adding “thiol” suffix (‘e” remains)
CH3-CH2-CH2-SH
(1-propanethiol)
Phosphate group
O
||
R-O-P-OH
|
O
R group will contain C
naming:
(R group name, “ane” replaced with “yl”) + suffix phosphate
O
||
CH3-O-P-OH
|
O
(methyl phosphate)
