1. Storage form of energy (9 kcal/g) 2. Structural components of biomembranes 3. Metabolic regulators 4. Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents 5. Act as electric insulators in neurons 6. Provide insulation against changes in external temperature 7. Give shape and contour to the body 8. Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) 9. Improve taste and palatability of food

BIOCHEM: LIPIDS (Cebu Doctor's University) Flashcards by Cyril Shaine Paner

are naturally occurring compounds that are grouped together due to their insolubility in water and other polar solvents.

Lipids

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Lipids are naturally occurring compounds that are grouped together due to what?

insolubility in water and other polar solvents.

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soluble in non-polar solvents: (3)

ether
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride

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They have structural diversity, meaning, there is no existing common structural feature among them.

T/F

TRUE

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Functions of Lipids

Storage form of energy (9 kcal/g)
Structural components of biomembranes
Metabolic regulators
Act as surfactants, detergents and emulsifying agents
Act as electric insulators in neurons
Provide insulation against changes in external temperature
Give shape and contour to the body
Help in absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Improve taste and palatability of food

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These are the commonly encountered component of lipids

Fatty Acids

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Fatty acids are considered as ____?

derived lipids

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why fatty acids are considered as derived lipids?

in biological systems, they are usually incorporated in a larger lipid molecule, and is seldom found in free form.

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usually 10-30 C atoms
and even number

long chain

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-1 carboxyl group

monocarboxylic acid

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How fatty acids becomes amphipathic?

A fatty acid contains a hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic/non- polar part) and a carboxyl head (hydrophilic/polar part),

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– contain 2–6 carbons (often referred to as carboxylic acids)

Short chain fatty acids

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contain 8–14 carbons; these fatty acids are easily absorbed by the cell for energy consumption.

Medium chain fatty acids

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contain 16–24 carbons

Long chain fatty acids

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contain more than 24 carbons

Very long chain fatty acids

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a. Short chain fatty acids – contain 2–6 carbons (often referred to as carboxylic acids)
b. Medium chain fatty acids – contain 8–14 carbons; these fatty acids are easily absorbed by the cell for energy consumption.
c. Long chain fatty acids – contain 16–24 carbons
d. Very long chain fatty acids – contain more than 24 carbons

was based on?

hydrocarbon chain length

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These are fatty acids that contain only carbon-carbon single bond.

Saturated Fatty Acids

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general formula of?
HOOC-(CH2)n-CH3

saturated fatty acids

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These are fatty acids that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

unsaturated fatty acids

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Carbon-carbon double bond inhibits what?

free rotation of atoms around it.

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free rotation of atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond

stereoisomerism

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2 types of fatty acids stereoisomers

cis
trans

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conformation is present in most common fatty
acids.

cis

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is a type of unsaturated fat that naturally occurs in small amounts in meat and milk fat

trans

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with only one double bond

- Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)

with 2 or more double bonds

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

The ________________________ in an unsaturated fatty acids are very important in distinguishing them from one another.

location and number of double bonds

number of carbons shorthand notation

number of double bonds shorthand notation

- carbon number at which the double bond is located

delta bonds

They are not common, but they exist. They are present in dairy products and in hydrogenated edible oils

trans

why trans are present in hydrogenated edible oils

because they increase the shelf life of the fried food

They are generally considered to be injurious to health

TRANS FATTY ACIDS

TFA adversely affect multiple risk factors for chronic diseases, including

composition of blood lipids and lipoproteins, systemic inflammation , endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, diabetes and adiposity.

- Another way to classify unsaturated fatty acids

location of the endmost double bond from the methyl end (ω carbon)

- the endmost double bond is 3 carbons away from the methyl end

Omega-3 (ω-3)

example of Omega-3 (ω-3)

*linolenic acid HOOC-(CH2)7CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH3

the endmost double bond is 6 carbons away from the methyl end

Omega-6 (ω-6)

example of Omega-6 (ω-6)

*linoleic acid HOOC-(CH2)7-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)4-CH3

Omega-3 fatty acids have positive roles in infant development, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and in various mental illnesses, including depression , attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and dementia. T/F?

TRUE

Omega-3 fatty acids are known to have ______ effects?

pleiotropic

Cold water fishes, such as ____________ AND _____________, are rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

salmon and tuna

are fatty acids needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body in adequate amounts.

Essential fatty acids

essential fatty acids are needed for ?

proper membrane structure serve as starting materials for the production of several biochemically important long-chain omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

- starting material for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid

linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acid)

starting material for the biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid)

___ and ___ are necessary for normal brain development.

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Saturated fatty acids have ____ structure

straight chain

Unsaturated fatty acids have _______________ at every double bond.

30° kinks or bends

is the IMF present in the hydrophobic tails of fatty acids.

Hydrophobic interaction

Saturated fatty acids extend and stack regularly which results to

high intermolecular attraction

Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks and cannot be stacked in organized manner which results to

decreased intermolecular attraction

(FATTY ACIDS) The melting point ______________ as the number of carbon atom ___________

increases, increases

Saturated fatty acids have higher melting point than unsaturated fatty acid with the same number of carbon. T/F?

TRUE

The more the double bond, the _____ the melting point when comparing fatty acids with same number of carbon.

lower

Based on biochemical function, lipids are divided into 5 categories:

1. Energy-storage lipids ➢ Triacylglycerols 2. Membrane lipids ➢ Phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, cholesterol 3. Emulsification lipids ➢ Bile acids 4. Messenger lipids ➢ Steroid hormones and eicosanoids 5. Protective coating lipids ➢ Biological waxes

➢ Triacylglycerols | Based on biochemical function

Energy-storage lipids

➢ Phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, cholesterol | Based on biochemical function

Membrane lipids

➢ Bile acids | Based on biochemical function

Emulsification lipids

➢ Steroid homones and eicosanoids | Based on biochemical function

Messenger lipids

➢ Biological waxes | Based on biochemical function

Protective coating lipids

Based upon whether or not saponification occurs when a lipid is placed in basic aqueous solutions, lipids are divided into 2 categories:

1. Saponifiable lipids- are converted into 2 or more smaller molecules when hydrolysis occurs. ➢ triacylglycerols, phospholipids, shingoglycolipids, and biological waxes 2. Nonsaponifiable lipids- cannot be broken into smaller units since they do not react with water. ➢ Cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, and eicosanoids

are converted into 2 or more smaller molecules when hydrolysis occurs.

Saponifiable lipids-

cannot be broken into smaller units since they do not react with water.

Nonsaponifiable lipids

➢ triacylglycerols, phospholipids, shingoglycolipids, and biological waxes | Based upon whether or not saponification occurs

saponifiable lipids

Cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, and eicosanoids | Based upon whether or not saponification occurs

nonsaponifiable lipids

classification of lipids Based on its Structure:

1.Simple lipids- contain fatty acids and alcohol. a. triglycerides/triacylglycerols 2.Compound/Complex lipid- contains fatty acid + alcohol + other groups a. Phospholipid- contains fatty acid + alcohol + PO4 -3 group 3. Steroids a. cholesterol

contain fatty acids and alcohol

simple lipids

contains fatty acid + alcohol + other groups

compound/ comples lipids

contains fatty acid + alcohol + PO4-3 group

Phospholipids

cholesterol

steroids

- Fats and oils are mixtures of lipids known as

triacylglycerol (TAG)

The main function of TAG in the body is for

long-term energy storage