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BIOCHEM (Topnotch) > BIOCHEM INTEGRATED > Flashcards

BIOCHEM INTEGRATED Flashcards

0
Q

<p>Process that releases energy.

-delta G</p>

A

<p>Exergonic Reaction</p>

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1
Q

<p>Process that requires energy

\+delta G</p>

A

<p>Endergonic Reaction</p>

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2
Q

<p>Site of ATP production</p>

A

<p>Cytoplasm and Mitochondria</p>

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3
Q

<p>Loss of electrons

| (Substance becomes more positive)</p>

A

<p>Oxidation</p>

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4
Q

<p>Gain of electrons

| (Substance becomes more negative)</p>

A

<p>Reduction</p>

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5
Q

<p>Product of de novo purine synthesis

| (Precursor of Guanine and Adenosine residues)</p>

A

<p>Inosine Monophosphate (IMP)</p>

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6
Q

<p>1st committed step of purine synthesis</p>

A

<p>Ribose-5-phosphate to PRPP

| (Thru action of PRPP synthetase and ATP)</p>

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7
Q

<p>Xanthine oxidase inhibitor</p>

A

<p>Allopurinol</p>

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8
Q

<p>Disease where there is deficiency in HGPRT</p>

A

<p>Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</p>

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9
Q

<p>Pyrimidine ring structure is formed by...</p>

A

<p>Carbamoyl phosphate and Aspartate</p>

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10
Q

<p>Rate limiting enzyme in Glycolysis</p>

A

<p>Phosphofrucktokinase-1 (PFK-1)</p>

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11
Q

<p>Glycogen synthetase : Glycogenesis

| \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ : Glycogenolysis</p>

A

<p>Glycogen phosphorylase</p>

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12
Q

<p>Rate limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis</p>

A

<p>Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase</p>

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13
Q

<p>Vitamin D deficiency in adults</p>

A

<p>Osteomalacia</p>

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14
Q

<p>pH at which zwitterion is predominant</p>

A

<p>Isoelectric pH (IpH)</p>

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15
Q

<p>This enzyme in glycolysis is inhibited when cell is rich in ATP</p>

A

<p>Phosphofructokinase-1</p>

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16
Q

<p>Number of ATP formed in one molecule of Acetyl CoA</p>

A

<p>10</p>

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17
Q

<p>Enzyme deficient in von Gierke's disease</p>

A

<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>

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18
Q

<p>Carrier of TAGs and other dietary lipids from the INTESTINES to the LIVER and ADIPOSE TISSUE</p>

A

<p>Chylomicrons</p>

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19
Q

<p>Carrier of newly synthesized TAGs from liver to adipose tissue</p>

A

<p>Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)</p>

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20
Q

<p>Type of reaction

ATP to ADP or AMP</p>

A

<p>Hydrolysis</p>

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21
Q

<p>Products of Aldolase action on Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate</p>

A

<p>Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)</p>

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22
Q

<p>Irreversible steps in Glycolysis</p>

A

<p>Step 1: Glucose ---> Glucose-6-phosphate (hexokinase or glucokinase)
Step 3: Fructose-6-phosphate ---> Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Phosphodructokinase-1)
Step 10: Phosphoenolpyruvate ---> Pyruvate (Pyruvate kinase)</p>

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23
Q

<p>Rate limiting enzyme of:

1. Ketogenesis
2. Cholesterol synthesis</p>

A

<p>1. HMG CoA synthase

| 2. HMG CoA reductase</p>

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24
Q

<p>Non-insulin requiring organs</p>

A

<p>Brain (except hypothalamus), RBCs, intestinal cells, kidneys</p>

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25
Q

<p>Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p>

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26
Q

<p>Product of anaerobic glycolysis</p>

A

<p>Lactate / lactic acid</p>

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27
Q

<p>PFK-1 is inhibited by \_\_\_\_\_ and activated by \_\_\_\_\_\_</p>

A

<p>ATP and Citrate; AMP</p>

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28
Q

<p>Fates of pyruvate</p>

A 
<p>Lactate dehydrogenase ---> Lactate
Pyruvate dehydrogenase ---> Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate carboxylase ---> Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate kinase ---> PEP to Pyruvate
Yeast, bacteria ---> ethanol</p>
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29
Q

<p>Only amino acid with no chiral center / chiral carbon

Chiral center: Carbon with 4 unique substituenta attached to it</p>

A

<p>Glycine (2 Hydrogens attached to it)</p>

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30
Q

<p>Sulfur containing amino acids</p>

A

<p>Cysteine (Cys, C)

| Methionine (Met, M)</p>

31
Q

<p>Acidic amino acids</p>

A

<p>Aspartic acid / Aspartate (Asp, D)

| Glutamic acid / Glutamate (Glu, E)</p>

32
Q

<p>Branched chain amino acids</p>

A

<p>Leucine (Leu, L)
Isoleucine (Ile, I)
Valine (Val, V)</p>

33
Q

<p>Smallest amino acid</p>

A

<p>Glycine</p>

34
Q

<p>Products of PPP</p>

A

<p>Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH</p>

35
Q

<p>Another name for Glycolysis</p>

A

<p>Embden-Meyerhof pathway</p>

36
Q

<p>INITIAL Electron carriers of ETC</p>

A

<p>NADH &amp; FADH2</p>

37
Q

Give the two ways in which your cells produce ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

38
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

39
Q

Coupled with the electron transport chain

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

40
Q

Only method of ATP production for RBCs

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

41
Q

Resting skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, well-oxygenated neurons

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

42
Q

Fatigued skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle during acute MI, and neurons during ischemic stroke

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

43
Q

Predominant hormone in the well fed state

A

Insulin

44
Q

Hormone that helps maintain blood glucose levels during starvation

A

Glucagon

45
Q

Exert effects similar to glucagon

A

Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone

46
Q

Ratio of carbon dioxide produced/oxygen consumed

A

Respiratory Quotient

47
Q

Main metabolic fuel of neurons and erythrocytes

A

Glucose

48
Q

Main metabolic fuel of heart muscle

A

Fatty Acids

49
Q

Main fuel of the skeletal and heart muscle, and alternative fuel of the brain during a fast

A

Ketone Bodies

50
Q

Percentage of the brain’s energy requirement that can be met by ketone bodies

A

20%

51
Q

Product of aerobic glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

52
Q

Product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactate

53
Q

Product of glycogenolysis in liver

A

Glucose

54
Q

Product of glycogenolysis in muscle

A

Glucose-6-Phosphate

55
Q

Building block of fatty acids and cholesterol

A

Acetyl CoA

56
Q

Main substrate used for gluconeogenesis during a fast

A

Amino Acids

57
Q

Intermediate that can never be used for gluconeogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

58
Q

During the first 18 to 24 hours of starvation, which pathway is responsible in maintaining blood glucose levels?

A

Glycogenolysis

59
Q

After 24 hours of starvation, which pathway is mainly responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

A

Gluconeogenesis

60
Q

Percentage of gluconeogenesis that occurs in the kidney during a prolonged fast

A

40%

61
Q

Hours of fasting before glycogen stores are exhausted

A

18 hours

62
Q

Cause of death in prolonged starvation

A

Catabolism of essential proteins

63
Q

Amino acid that performs a central role in removal of nitrogen from most other amino acids

A

Glutamate

64
Q

Transports ammonia from muscle to the liver

A

Alanine

65
Q

Transports ammonia from peripheral tissues to the liver and kidney

A

Glutamine

66
Q

Metabolic effects of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

A

Glucagon&raquo_space; insulin
↑ Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
↑ Lipolysis in adipose tissue
↑ Ketogenesis in liver

67
Q

Metabolic effects of acute alcohol intoxication

A

Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia

68
Q

Massive increase of this molecule leads to metabolic effects of alcohol intoxication

A

NADH

69
Q

Intermediate in alcohol metabolism that causes flushing, tachycardia, hyperventilation, andnausea

A

Acetaldehyde

70
Q

Ketoacidosis with hyperglycemia

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

71
Q

Ketoacidosis with hypoglycemia

A

Alcoholism

Prolonged starvation

72
Q

Critical intermediate necessary to maintain TCA cycle activity usually depleted in prolonged starvation and alcohol intake

A

Oxaloacetate

73
Q

TCA intermediate that is depleted during hyperammonemia

A

α-ketoglutarate

74
Q

TCA intermediate that links it to the urea cycle

A

Fumarate

75
Q

On ketogenic diet, these pathways that remain active in the liver even during the fed state

A

Gluconeogenesis

Ketogenesis

BIOCHEM (Topnotch) (8 decks)

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