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BIOCHEM > Biochem exam 4 > Flashcards

Biochem exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of nucleic acids?

A

Storage and transmission of genetic information(DNA and RNA),processing of genetic information(ribosomes-catalytic mRNA),protein synthesis(tRNA, rRNA)

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2
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A

Provide energy for metabolism(ATP), enzyme cofactors(NAD),signal transduction(cAMP)

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3
Q

What is the full name for DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What determines the amino acid sequence of proteins and nucleotide sequence of RNA molecules?

A

The nucleotide sequence in the cell’s DNA

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5
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

Carries genetic information from the site of DNA to the location of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Describe RNA

A

Components of ribosomes which is location of protein synthesis

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7
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide

A

a five carbon sugar,phosphate group,and nitrogenous base

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8
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases present in deoxyribonucleic acids?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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9
Q

nucleotides are linked together by

A

dehydration synthesis or polymerization reactions between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another

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10
Q

Describe the sugar phosphate backbone

A

linkage of one nucleotide’s sugar and the phosphate group of another nucleotide

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11
Q

The strands of the DNA double helix are

A

antiparallel(opposite directions)

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12
Q

The two stands of DNA are held together by —–

A

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of each strand

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13
Q

Cytosine bonds with

A

guanine

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14
Q

Thymine bonds with

A

adenine

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15
Q

What re the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA contains the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine ,RNA is single stranded

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16
Q

Describe messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Carry DNA primarily from nucleus to the ribosomes to serve as template for protein synthesis

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17
Q

Describe the function of transfer DNA (tRNA)

A

translates mRNA into a specific nucleotide sequence

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18
Q

What is the sugar found in DNA

A

beta-deoxy-D-ribosse

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19
Q

What is the sugar found in RNA?

A

Beta-d-ribose

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20
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A nucleotide without the phosphate group

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21
Q

What is a ribozyme

A

An RNA molecule capable of acting as a catalytic enzyme

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22
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases present in nucleotides

A

pyrimidine and purine

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23
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine,Guanine, Thymine,Cytosine

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24
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in RNA?

A

Adenine,Guanine,Uracil,Cytosine

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25
Q

What makes the pyrimidine and purine bases?

A

The nitrogen contains lone pair of electrons which allows them to act as proton acceptors

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26
Q

Which are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Cytosine,Thymine, Uracil

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27
Q

Which are the purine bases?

A

Adenine,Guanine

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28
Q

Adenine pairs with?

A

Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA

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29
Q

Guanine pairs with?

A

cytosine

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30
Q

Thymine pairs with?

A

Adenine

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31
Q

Uracil in RNA pairs with?

A

Adenine

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32
Q

Cytosine pairs with?

A

Guanine

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33
Q

Cytosine pKa at N3 is

A

4.5

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34
Q

Thymine pKa at N3 is

A

9.5

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35
Q

Adenine pKa at N1

A

3.8

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36
Q

Guanine pKa at N7

A

2.4

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37
Q

Purines and pyrimidines are hydrophobic, and relatively insoluble in

A

Water at cellular pH

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38
Q

All nucleotide bases absorb UV light (strong absorption near —- resulting in electronic excitation

A

260nm

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39
Q

Do nucleic acids experience fluorescence?

A

no

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40
Q

The N-glycosidic bond is formed between the anomeric carbon of
the sugar in 𝛽 configuration and what position of the pyrimidine and purine?

A

N! of the pyrimidine, N9 of the purine

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41
Q

In nucleotides the pentose ring is attached to the base via a —- bond which is product of a — rxn

A

N-glycosidic bond, condensation

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42
Q

Can free rotation acoss the n-glycosidic bond occur in free nucleotides?

A

yess

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43
Q

The torsion angle about the N-glycosidic bond is defined by —- in purine

A

O4’-C1’-N9-C4

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44
Q

The torsion angle about the N-glycosidic bond is defined by — in pyrimidine

A

O4’-C1’-N1-C2

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45
Q

Angle near 0 degrees in the glycosidic corresponds to syn conformation

A

syn conformation

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46
Q

Angle near 180 degrees in the glycosidic bond corresponds to

A

anti conformation

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47
Q

the —- conformation of the glycosidic bond is most common in DNA

A

anti

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48
Q

Nitrogeneous base + Pentose + Phosphate and name ends in ylate

A

nucleotide

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49
Q

Nitrogeneous base + Pentose and name ends in osine

A

nucleoside

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50
Q

Epigenetic marker in prokaryotic cells

A

identifies own cell DNA to allow for destruction of foreign DNA

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51
Q

Epigenetic marker in eukaryotic cells

A

signals which genes should be active

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52
Q

Inosine sometimes found in the
“wobble position
” of the
anticodon in tRNA can be produced by —-

A

deaminating adenosine

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53
Q

Pseudouridine found widely in
tRNA and rRNA can be generated by

A

enzymatic isomerization of uridine after RNA synthesis

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54
Q

nucleotides are held together by

A

phosphodiester bonds

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55
Q

Why is RNA unstable?

A

single stranded, ribose makes it more susceptible to degradation

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56
Q

Hydrolysis of RNA is catalyzed by

A

RNases

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57
Q

How many H-bonds does a A-T form?

A

two

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58
Q

How many H-bonds does C-G form

A

three

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59
Q

Adenosine is part of many —— such as FAD and NAD

A

enzyme cofactors

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60
Q

What is the role of adenosine as a cofactore

A

provide binding energy and stabilize intermediates

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61
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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62
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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63
Q

Some variations of nucleotide may serve as —- on the surface of cell prompting the production of a —-

A

second messenger

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64
Q

Some variations of nucleotide may serve as —-

A

second messenger

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65
Q

Inosine function

A

provides richer genetic code

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66
Q

Pseudouridine

A

stabilize tRNa and may help in folding of rRNA

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67
Q

primary structure of a nucleic acid

A

nucleotide sequence

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68
Q

secondary structure of nucleic acid

A

stable 3-D structure of a short polynucleotide segment(piece of DNA)

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69
Q

Tertiary structure of nucleic acid

A

folding of a nucleic acid into a chromosome or folding of large tRNA and rRNA molecules

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70
Q

A segment of 10 nucleotide pairs is approximately —- long

A

3.4 nm or 34 Angstrum

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71
Q

DNA is a —– —— helix

A

right handed double

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72
Q

the deoxyribose-phosphate back bone of DNA is

A

hydrophilic

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73
Q

nitrogenous base interactions are important for DNA stability and occur

A

perpendicular to the helical axis

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74
Q

The two strands of DNA run —- to each other

A

anti parallel

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75
Q

During DNA replication what occurs first?

A

Strand separation

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76
Q

Each separated DNA strand
serves as —- for synthesizing the new
strand based on ——-

A

a template, complementary pairing

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77
Q

Each new DNA Molecule consists of one — strand and one — strand

A

parent, daughter

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78
Q

Every 10 base pairs is a —- degree rotation in the DNA double helix

A

360

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79
Q

The form is the most stable
structure for a random sequence DNA
molecule under physiological conditions

A

B-DNA

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80
Q

Asymmetric attachment of the base pairs to the
sugar rings gives rise to

A

major and minor grooves

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81
Q

—– found in the major and minor grooves on the DNA helix can aid in determining sequence due to interactions with proteins

A

hydrogen bonding patterns

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82
Q

sequence specific interactions between DNA and proteins typically occur in the —

A

major grooves

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83
Q

sequence specific interactions between DNA and proteins typically occur in the —

A

major grooves

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84
Q

What are the three forms of DNA?

A

A,B.Z

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85
Q

Which type of DNA is left handed?

A

Z

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86
Q

how many base pairs per helical turn in the A form of DNA

A

11

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87
Q

how many base pairs per helical turn in the B form of DNA

A

10.5

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88
Q

how many base pairs per helical turn in the z form of DNA

A

12

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89
Q

What is the diameter of the B-DNA helix

A

20 angstrom

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90
Q

What is the helix rise per base pair in A-DNA

A

2.6 angstrom

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91
Q

What is the helix rise per base pair in B-DNA

A

3.4 angstrum

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92
Q

What is the helix rise per base pair in Z-DNA

A

3.7 angstrom

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93
Q

What is the glycosidic bond conformation for A-DNA?

A

anti (180 degree torsion angle)

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94
Q

What is the glycosidic bond conformation for B-DNA?

A

Anti(180 degree torsion angle)

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95
Q

What is the glycosidic bond conformation for Z-DNA?

A

anti for pyrimidines and syn for purines

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96
Q

A-DNA is favored in many solutions that lack

A

water

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97
Q

A DNA is a right-handed double helix, but
—— compared to B-DNA

A

wider

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98
Q

Is there evidence of A-DNA in cells?

A

no

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99
Q

Describe the shape of Z-DNA

A

left handed, thin, elongated

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100
Q

Z-DNA has a — shaped back bone

A

zig zag

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101
Q

Short stretches (tracts) of Z-DNA are found in

A

bacteria and eukaryotic cells

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102
Q

What are possible roles of Z-DNA

A

regulation of gene expression and gene recombination

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103
Q

Poly (A) tract

A

the appearance of four consecutive adenine in one strand may cause a slight bend in the DNA helix

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104
Q

Palindromic sequence

A

nucleic acid sequence in RNA or DNA that is identical to the complementary strand when they are both read in the same direction

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105
Q

What shapes may a palindromic sequence lead to

A

hair pin or cruciform shape

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106
Q

Mirror repeat

A

inverted repetition of a nucleotide sequence in a single strand that may lead to complex shapes

107
Q

Hoogsteen DNA Structure

A

three strands . Two pyrimidine and one purine strand

108
Q

G-quardruplex (G-tetraplex) DNA structure

A

four strands which can be parallel or two sets of anti parallel strands

109
Q

What is the function of the G-quardruplex (G-tetraplex) DNA structure?

A

gene regulation, form a g rich seq

110
Q

Why is single strand RNA right handed?

A

due to heavy preference of base stacking arrangement (typically purine to purine)

111
Q

Self-complementary regions of ssRNA or dsRNA
tend to form

A

anti parallel A-form duplex

112
Q

What is the wobble pair in RNA?

A

Uracil and guanine

113
Q

How does a mismatched pair of nucleotides impact the secondary structure of a RNA/DNA

A

causes formation of bulges or internal loops

114
Q

What is the tertiary structure of RNA

A

the formation of rRNA,tRNA, structure of ribozymes

115
Q

H-bonds between —- contributes to the
folding of RNA into its
precise 3-D structure

A

non watson-crick base pairs

116
Q

what are four examples of RNA tertiary
structure motifs

A

L-shape,A minor motif, ribose zipper, tetra loop

117
Q

What is the difference between the base thymine and uracil?

A

Uracil is missing the methyl group at C5 of the pyrimidine structure

118
Q

What allows RNA to experience some bonding interactions which are not possible for DNA

A

The presence of a hydroxyl group at C’2 of the ribose sugar allows for additional hydrogen bonds

119
Q

Denaturation (melting) of double
helical DNA results in loss of?

A

loss of secondary structure in DNA and RNA

120
Q

What are the most common causes of DNa/rna denaturization?

A

drastic changes in pH and extreme heat

121
Q

How does denaturization affect the secondary structure of DNA/RNA

A

disrupts hydrogen bonding and base stacking between the base pairs

122
Q

is denaturization reversible?

A

yes

123
Q

what is renaturization?

A

return of pH and temp to ideal range to restore secondary structure

124
Q

what does Hypochromism imply?

A

Absorption of light by nucleotides is reduced as it is renatured from single strand DNA to normal double strand helix

125
Q

what is DNA melting temperature, Tm

A

temperature at which 50% of DNA is denatured and single stranded

126
Q

Stability of DNA —— as the Tm increases

A

Tm

127
Q

What factors impact Tm

A

DNA composition, DNA length, salt concentration

128
Q

How does DNA composition impact DNA?

A

higher G-C content increases Tm due to more hydrogen bonds

129
Q

How does DNA length influence Tm

A

Longer DNA has higher Tm

130
Q

How does salt concentration influence tm

A

lower salt concentration means lower Tm

131
Q

why does higher salt concentration increase TM

A

salt cations minimizes repulsion between the negatively charged phosphate groups

132
Q

which methods can be utilized to detect a specific DNA molecule in a complex mixture?

A

radioactive detenction, fluorscent DNA chips

133
Q

Which methods are useful in the amplification of a DNA sample

A

polymerase chain reaction, site directed mutagenisis

134
Q

types of spontaneous mutagenesis

A

Deamination,hydrolysis of n-glycosidic bond, alkylation

135
Q

what is deamination?

A

removal of NH2 group to C=O converting Ex: cytosine to uracil

136
Q

What is hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond?

A

removal of nitrogenous base

137
Q

What are some causes of DNA mutations

A

oxidation, UV light, ionizing radiation

138
Q

What is included in all four reactions of the Sanger sequencing method

A

3’ to 5’ DNA template strand, DNA Primer, DNA polymerase, the four types of dNTP

139
Q

What is different component in the four sanger reactions?

A

each reaction has a distinct ddNTP

140
Q

What are the four steps in the synthesis of primer utilized in Sanger method of DNA Sequencing

A

Attaching the nucleoside to a silicia support, protectig group removed(DMT), new nucleotide added,oxidation to form triester, remove protecting groups from bases, removal of cyanoether groups from phosphategroups, cleavage of chain from silica support

141
Q

How is single strand DNA obtained

A

Clone double strand DNA into plasmid configuration, inject plamsid into bacteria infected with phage, phage will close DNA in single strand

142
Q

what is the purpose of PCR?

A

amplify target DNA by copying plasmids or areas of interest in linear DNA

143
Q

what are the reaction components of PCR?

A

3’ to 5’ template of target DNA, primer, dNTPS, plymerase

144
Q

What is the first step of PCR

A

denature template strand

145
Q

What is the second step of PCR

A

annealing between the template and primer

146
Q

Final step of PCR

A

Extension of primer via polymerase to produce complementary strand of template

147
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

production of DNA sequence that does not occur naturally with the assistance of enzymes

148
Q

Function of DNA endonucleases

A

cut a DNA sequence at a particular site

149
Q

Function of DNA ligases?

A

paste

150
Q

Function of polymerase

A

add or remove nucleotides from a DNA helix

151
Q

How is DNA cloning technology utilized?

A

isolate and amplify the target gene from an organisms genetic material

152
Q

General steps in DNA cloning

A

select vector to carry gene, PCR to amplify desired genetic material,introduce restriction enzymes to vector and PCR product to produce sticky ends, insert amplified gene into vector via DNA ligase, clone copies of host cells with added gene

153
Q

Ori

A

origin point which directs replication in BAC

154
Q

par gen in BAC

A

ensure even distribution of plasmid to daughter cells

155
Q

CmR in BAC

A

gene expressing antibiotic resistance

156
Q

lacZ gene in BAC

A

indicator of which colonies contained the inserted genetic material

157
Q

In YAC Digestion with BamHI and EcoRI generates two separate
DNA arms, each with a

A

telomere end and selectable marker

158
Q

Human DNA ligase utilizes

A

ATP

159
Q

Bacterial DNA Ligase utilizes

A

NAD

160
Q

what is the most common used DNA ligase

A

T4 DNA ligase

161
Q

why is T4 ligase common in research?

A

Allows for the linkage of blunt and sticky ends in DNA

162
Q

What is the required Co-factor for DNA Ligase?

A

ATP

163
Q

Ligation is more effective with —— than —– ends

A

sticky ends, blunt ends

164
Q

recombinant DNA is introduced into vector via — or —-

A

electroporation, or chemical transformation

165
Q

Vector ligation in agar plate

A

growth of colonies but none contain inserted gene

166
Q

vector + insert ligation in agar plate

A

growth of colonies with some containing inserted gene and other do not

167
Q

insert self ligation in agar plate

A

no growth of colonies due to lack of antibiotic resistence

168
Q

—– contain sequences that
allow inducible transcription of the inserted
gene

A

expression vectors

169
Q

What is the purpose of expression vectors

A

to study the formation of protein from inserted gene

170
Q

Definition of transcription

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA via RNA polymerase

171
Q

Define translation which occurs in the ribosome

A

RNA sequence to protein

172
Q

What are the parts of an expression vector?

A

promoter sequence, operator sequence, ribosome binding site, transcription termination sequence, multiple cloning sites,a selective marker

173
Q

steps of protein purification

A

cell lysis to release protein,incubate w/ nicke-NTA beads,wash with salt solution,elute w/ imidizole competitor

174
Q

during purification,Recombinant proteins with a tag bind
to

A

the affinity resin in purification column

175
Q

How are tagged recombinant proteins released from the affinity resin in the purification column?

A

the addition of free glutahione solution

176
Q

Which analytical techniques can be utilized to characterize a purified protein sample?

A

light scattering, crystallization , Raman spectroscopy , kinetics analysis

177
Q

Eukaryotic genes contain — and —-

A

Exons and introns

178
Q

Why can eukaryotic genes not be inserted into bacteria?

A

the bacteria does not have capacity to slice out introns

179
Q

How can eukaryotic genes be inserted into bacteria?

A

transcription to mRNA which is intron free protein coding sequence

180
Q

What feature distinguishes c-DNA from B-DNA?

A

cDNA does not contain introns but is still continuous and protein coding

181
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA into c-DNA?

A

reverse transcriptase

182
Q

All mRNA molecules have a poly A tail what is its function

A

aids in extraction and purification of mRNA

183
Q

-reverse transcription results in
a DNA/RNA hybrid
where the DNA strand is complementary to the

A

mRNA strand

184
Q

cDNA is often used as template in to amplify genes
from eukaryotes

A

PCR

185
Q

Membrane lipids have characteristic amphipathic structure

A

a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

186
Q

What molecules may be the back bone of a membrane lipid?

A

glycerol and sphingosine

187
Q

What type of bond occurs between the back bone and head of a phospholipid?

A

phosphodieester

188
Q

What type of bond occurs between the back bone and head of glycolipid?

A

glycosidic

189
Q

What are the the three structures of membrane lipids in water?

A

micelles,bilayers,liposomes

190
Q

Describe a micelle

A

Large round structure where the hydrophobic chains of fatty acids pointed towards middle with hydrophilic tails on the outer surface of sphere

191
Q

what prompts the formation of lipids into micelles

A

concentration of lipid is above critical micelle concentration (cmc)

192
Q

Describe the structure of a liposome

A

similar to lipid bilayer, but in a spherical shape
aqueous cavity in the interior
hydrophobic fatty acid chains of both layers point towards one another and away from the aqueous cavity

193
Q

what is the purpose of a liposome

A

transport dissolved molecules in its aqueous cavity

194
Q

different biological membranes have different —

A

composition of lipids and proteins

195
Q

how thick is a typical the flexible biological membrane

A

50-80 angstrom

196
Q

biological membranes for spontaneously in aqueous environments. What stabilizes these lipid structures

A

non-covalent structures such as hydrophobic interactions

197
Q

biological membranes are permeable to — but impermeable to ——

A

small nonpolar/uncharged molecules, large polar molecules

198
Q

Both proteins and lipids are free to ——– in the membrane

A

freely laterally

199
Q

integral proteins are—– to the membrane

A

firmly attached

200
Q

peripheral proteins are —- to the membrane

A

weakly bound to the and can easily be removed

201
Q

the outer layer of the lipid bilayer is typically —-

A

more charged

202
Q

are
usually located on the outer
membrane of the lipid membrane

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

203
Q

What are the types of membrane proteins

A

receptors, transportation,enzymes

204
Q

purpose of of receptors on membranes

A

signal conversion from light, hormones, insulin receptors, neurotransmitters

205
Q

function of enzymes on biological membranes

A

photosynthesis, atp synthesis

206
Q

peripheral proteins are loosely associated to the polar head of outer layer of lipid bilayer via ionic interaction. What changes may disrupt these interactions to remove the protein?

A

change in pH or high salt concentration

207
Q

what domains are common in integral proteins of membrane?

A

tm helixes and beta barrel motif

208
Q

integral proteins are tightly bound to the biological membrane how can they be removed?

A

detergents which disrupt the membrane

209
Q

Tyr and Trp are often found at the —– of the membrane

A

nonpolar/polar interface

210
Q

the charged aa residues –,—,– are typically located in the —- layer of thhe membrane

A

lys,arg,his, inner

211
Q

how many types of integral membrane proteins are there?

A

six

212
Q

type II and I integral proteins have a single — and differ in the location of —–

A

transmembrane helix, the termini

213
Q

type III integral proteins have ——- in a single polypeptide chain

A

transmembrane helixes

214
Q

Type IV —– from
different polypeptides assemble
to form a –

A

tm domains, channel

215
Q

Type V - proteins are held to the
bilayer primarily by

A

covalently bonded lipids

216
Q

type VI has both —- and —

A

tm helices, lipid anchors

217
Q

Amphitropic proteins describe attachment

A

covalently bonded to a lipid that is in the membrane

218
Q

allow clustering of functionally related signaling proteins to produce a
highly localized and brief pulse of cellular signals

A

membrane rafts

219
Q

what are the two phases of a membrane

A

gel like and fluid

220
Q

describe the gel like phase of a membrane aka Lo (lipid ordered) state

A

individual lipids can not move

221
Q

describe the Fluid phase aka lipid disordered state
(Ld phase)

A

the lipids can move

222
Q

What causes the shift between the membrane phases

A

heat

223
Q

Membrane fluidity is determined mainly by

A

fatty acid composition

224
Q

what kind of fatty acid chains increase membrane fluidity?

A

short unsaturated fatty acids

225
Q

Cell membranes of many
eukaryotes contain

A

sterols

226
Q

Cell membranes of aerobic
prokaryotes contain

A

hopanols

227
Q

lipids undergo —– within
the same layer via
Brownian motions

A

rapid lateral diffusion

228
Q

Special enzymes such as —- catalyze transverse diffusion

A

flipasses

229
Q

what is required for diffusion of lipids against membrane concentration gradient?

A

atp hydrolysis

230
Q

Three types of phospholipid
translocators in the plasma
membrane

A

flippase, floppase ,scramblase

231
Q

allows us to
study lateral diffusion by monitoring
the rate of fluorescence return
following photobleaching

A

fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

232
Q

in single particle tracking,A single fluorescently labeled lipid molecule in a cell surface is
tracked on video by

A

fluoresecence microscopy

233
Q

Lipids are organic molecules with —— soluability in water

A

low because they are hydrophobic

234
Q

what are the four types of lipids?

A

signaling,storage, pigment,membrane

235
Q

which lipids do not contain fatty acids?

A

hormones,cholesterol,pigments, vitamin a and d

236
Q

which lipids do contain fatty acids?

A

membrane and storage

237
Q

Standard nomenclature assigns C1 to the —–
and —– to the carbon next to it

A

carboxyl carbon , alpha

238
Q

——- are essential nutrients
➢ Humans need them but can’t synthesize them

A

omega 3 fatty acids

239
Q

The physical properties of fatty acids
are mainly determined by:

A

chain length and degree of saturation

240
Q

Solubility of a —fatty acid as the chain length increases

A

decreases, increases

241
Q

melting point of a fatty acid —- as
the chain length decreases

A

decreases and the chain length decreases

242
Q

melting point of a fatty acid — as the number of double bonds increases

A

decreases

243
Q

In vertebrates, free fatty acids
(unesterified fatty acids, with a
free carboxylate group) circulate
in the blood bound —–
to a protein carrier

A

covalently

244
Q

However, fatty acids are present
in blood plasma mostly as
carboxylic acid derivatives such — and — which decreases their soluabilty

A
245
Q

Biological waxes are esters of —-

A

long chain fatty acid with a long chain alcohol

246
Q

purpose of waxes

A

protection,storage,waterproofing

247
Q

Triacylglycerols are stored in —– as stored energy
and insulation.

A

fat cells

248
Q

why are triglycerides better energy storage than carbohydrates

A

long term storage, more energy per carbon

249
Q

what are the two types of phospholipids

A

glycerophospholipids
and spingolipids

250
Q

types of Glycolipids

A

Galactolipids and spingolipids

251
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol. A polar group attached to hydrophilic head via phosphodiester bond

252
Q

is the major component of most eukaryotic
cell membranes but not common in prokaryotes

A

phosphatidylcholine

253
Q

role of phosphatidylcholine

A

blood platelet aggregation , plays role in inflammation

254
Q

The backbone of sphingolipids is a long-chain

A

spingosine(amino alcohol)

255
Q

in spingolipids the fatty acid is bound to spingosine backbone via —

A

amide linkage

256
Q

Individuals with no active
glycosyltransferase will have the —- antigen

A

o

257
Q

ppl w glycosyltransferase N-acetylgalactosamine group have the — antigen

A

A

258
Q

Individuals with a
glycosyltransferase that transfers a
galactose group have the

A

B antigen

259
Q

Sterol (structural lipids) have —- fused rings and a —– group in the A ring

A

4,hydroxyl

260
Q

Steroids are oxidized derivatives of

A

sterols

261
Q

Steroid hormones are
synthesized from —- in
— and –

A

cholesterol, adrenal glands and gonads

262
Q

what is the function of steroids

A

signaling

263
Q

Biologically active lipids are present in —- quantity than storage and structural lipids

A

lesser

264
Q

What are the main biologically active lipids

A

signaling molecules, light absorbing pigments and lipid soluable vitamins (A,K,D,E)

BIOCHEM (3 decks)

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