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Biochem > Biochem Exam 1: Set 1 (Eating/Fasting, Collagen, Amino Acids) > Flashcards

Biochem Exam 1: Set 1 (Eating/Fasting, Collagen, Amino Acids) Flashcards

1
Q

normal blood glucose levels

A

80-100 mg/dL (4.4-5.6mM)

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2
Q

This tissue can ONLY use glucose for energy

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

Amount of energy provided by carbohydrates

A

4kcal/gm

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4
Q

Amount of energy provided by lipids

A

9kcal/gm

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5
Q

Amount of energy provided by protein

A

4kcal/gm

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6
Q

Amount of energy provided by ethanol

A

7kcal/gm

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7
Q

Most ethanol is metabolized here

A

liver

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8
Q

Most energy is stored in the form of ___

A

adipose tissue

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9
Q

Name the essential carbohydrates

A

There are no essential carbohydrates

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10
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in the form of ____ which is found where in the body?

A

Glycogen

Found in: muscle tissue, liver, kidney

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11
Q

Body glycogen stores can provide energy for how long?

A

~24 hours

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12
Q

White and brown adipose tissues differ in their…

A

organization, location, # of mitochondria, vascularity, and function

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13
Q

Adipose tissue stores fat in the form of…

A

an intracellular droplet of insoluable triacylglycerols

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14
Q

_____ frees fatty acids by hydrolyzing triglyceride

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

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15
Q

What is the structure of linolenic acid?

A

18:3D9,12,15

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16
Q

What is the structure of linoleic acid?

A

18:2D9,12

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17
Q

What is the structure of stearic acid?

A

18:0

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18
Q

What is the structure of palmitic acid?

A

16:0

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19
Q

Protein is stored in the form of…

A

No storage form of protein

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20
Q

A negative nitrogen balance is indicative of…

A

a serious infection or starvation

21
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A

His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val

22
Q

An individual’s energy requirement is calculated by:

A

Energy Requirement= BMR x activity level x stress factor

23
Q

Respiratory Quotient=

A

RQ= (CO2 produced)/(O2 consumed)

24
Q

Folate deficiency impairs what?

A

required for purine synthesis, deficiency impairs cell division/growth, presents as neural tube defects

25
Q

What is scurvy?

A

vitamin C deficiency- connective tissue weakness

26
Q

What is the medical term for starvation and how is it treated?

A

Marasmus, initially treat with a diet of skim milk and vegetable oil

27
Q

What is Kwashiorkor syndrome?

A

protein deficiency but total calories are ok

28
Q

BMI has units of ___

A

kg/m^2

29
Q

An overweight patient has a BMI of ____, and an obese patient has a BMI of ____

A

overweight: 25-29
obese: 30

30
Q

What organ will break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood during initial fasting?

A

liver

31
Q

Insulin is released by the…

A

pancreas

32
Q

What determines a protein’s structure?

A

amino acid sequence

33
Q

Explain marginal stability of proteins

A

easily denatured by changes in temperature, pH, and ionic strength

34
Q

Phosphorylation typically targets which amino acids?

A

Ser, Thr, Tyr

35
Q

Acetylation typically targets which amino acids?

A

Lys

36
Q

How does HbA1c differ from other forms of hemoglobin?

A

HbA1c is glycosylated on the N-terminus of the beta chain

37
Q

Where does glycosylation of secreted proteins occur?

A

golgi apparatus

38
Q

What is the average life time of a red blood cell?

A

~120 days

39
Q

Heme iron in hemoglobin is in what state when it is bound by oxygen?

A

Fe2+

40
Q

A sigmoidal curve on a plot of substrate saturation vs. substrate concentration is indicative of what?

A

cooperative binding (ex. hemoglobin)

41
Q

Oxygenated hemoglobin is in what state?

A

R state (relaxed)

42
Q

What is the basic structural unit of collagen

A

tropocollagen

43
Q

Which two amino acids are necessary for the left hand triple helix of collagen?

A

proline- structurally rigid

glycine- every 3rd residue, amide of hydrogen H bonds to carbonyl oxygen of different side chains

44
Q

Vitamin C is required for what stabilizing reaction in collagen?

A

conversion of proline to 4-hydroxyproline

45
Q

How does copper deficiency weaken collagen?

A

Lysyl oxidase (copper dependent enzyme) converts Lys to allysine, which spontaneously forms aldol cross links

46
Q

Where does lysyl oxidase form crosslinks in collagen?

A

Extracellularly

47
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are both genetic disorders that effect…

A

collagen

48
Q

How can low exposure to sunlight cause weak bones?

A

UV light synthesizes conversion from cholesterol into Vitamin D. Calcium can also increase vitamin D synthesis. Without sunlight Ca resorption from bones to increase vitamin D.

Biochem (6 decks)

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