Biochem And Envi Flashcards
Deals with the conduct of biological process on an industrial scale
Biochemical Engineering
Engineering that involves with the biosynthesis of animal or plant products
Bioengineering
Cells without nuclear envelopes
Procaryotes
Cells with nuclear envelopes
Eucaryotes
Uses carbon dioxides as their carbon source
Autotrophs
Uses fancier carbon compounds such as glucose, ethanol and sucrose as carbon source
Heterotrophs
Obtain energy by breaking down substrate
Chemotrophs
Break down organic compounds
Chemoorganotrophs
Break down inorganic subtrates
Chemolitotrophs
Obtain energy from light
Phototrophs
Uses light as energy source and organic substances as carbon source
Photoorganotrophs
Uses light as energy source and carbon dioxide as principal carbon source
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use molecular oxygen as final oxidizing agent
Aerobes
Organisms that do not need oxygen but instead use nitrates, sulfides,carbon dioxide as their oxidizing agent
Anaerobes
Organisms that are able to grow in the presence or absence of molecular oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
Microorganisms that need only a little amount of oxygen that is lower than atmospheric consentration
Microaerophiles
Lipids come from the Greek work lipos which means
Fat
Stored as triacylglycerols or glycerides and used for energy storage
Fatty acids
Found in cytoplasm of adipose cells
Fatty acids
Oils of plants and fats of animals
Triacyglycerols
Triacylglycerols that are liquid at room temperature are called___ and those solid at room temperature are generally called_____
Oils, fats
Give the common saturated fatty acids
Lauri Acid (dodecanoic acid)
Myristic Acid (tetradecanoic acid)
Palmitic Acid (hexadecanoic acid)
Stearic Acid (octadecanoic acid)
Give the common saturated fatty acids
Lauri Acid (dodecanoic acid)
Myristic Acid (tetradecanoic acid)
Palmitic Acid (hexadecanoic acid)
Stearic Acid (octadecanoic acid)
Give the common unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic Acid (cis-9-hexadecenoic acid)
Oleic Acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid)
Linoleic Acid (cis, cis-9,12-octadecenoic acid)
Linolenic Acid (cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecateienoic acid)
Important constituents of essential oils. Produced by a variety of plants particularly conifers.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Isolated from bay oil
Myrcene
Source of two molecules of Vitamin A
B-carotene
Important biological regulators that shows dramatic physiological effects when administered to living organism s
Steroids
Most widely occuring steroids extracted from animal tissues
Cholesterol
Who outlined the structure of cholesterol
Windaus and Wieland
The most important pregnancy hormone secreted by the placenta
Progesterone
Sex hormones are classified into three major groups:
Estrogens,androgens and progestins
Isolated the true male hormone, testosterone from bull testes which is responsible for the growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, muscular development and maturation of the male sex organ
lacquer
Used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Cortisone
C20 carboxylic acids that contains a five membered ring, at least a double bond and several oxygen-containing functional groups
-first isolated from seminal fluid
Prostaglandin
Building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
How many amino acids are found in majority of organisms
Only 20 of 22 amino acids are found
Important biological regulators that shows dramatic physiological effects when administered to living organism s
Steroids
Most widely occuring steroids extracted from animal tissues
Cholesterol
Used for the treatment of rheumatoid artritis
Cortisone
Simplest carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates that undergo hydrolysis to produce only two molecules of monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Found in all photosynthetic plants
A non-reducing sugar ( negative to Fehling’s test)
Sucrose
Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch diastase
- a reducing sugar (positive to Fehling’s test)
Maltose
Obtained from partial hydrolysis of cellulose
Cellobiose
Present in the milk of humans, cows and almost all other mammals
Lactose
Biocatalysts that lower the activation energies of important reactions without altering the reaction equilibria
Enzymes
Oxidize or reduce substrates by transferring hydrogen or electrons
Oxido-reductases
Remove groups(excluding hydrogen) and transfer them to acceptor molecule (excluding water); transfer of groups
Transferases
For hydrolytic reactions. It catalyzes the splitting of a covalent bond of the substrate and that of a water molecule with the subsequent addition of the hydrogen and hydroxide to the two fragments of the substrate molecule
Hydrolases
Remove groups from the substrate by hydrolysis to form a double bond or conversely, add groups to the double bonds
Lyases
Catalytic isomerizations. It causes isomerization to the substrate
Isomerases
Cause condensation of two molecules by splitting a phosphate bond
Ligases or synthetases
Illustrates the precise fit between enzyme and substrate
Lock and key theory (Emil Fischer)
Enzyme undergoes structural or conformational changes brought about or induced by the substrate
Induced fit theory (Koshland
Enzyme activity depends on substrate concentration
Plot of velocity and substrate concentration
Michaelis-Menten Theory
Are species that interact with enzymes and make the enzyme ineffective
Inhibitors
Results to increase in slope while no change in the y-intercept as inhibitor concentration increases
Competitive Inhibition
Results to increases in y-intercept while no change in the slope as inhibitor concentration increases
Uncompetitive inhibition
Used to control cell growth rate by adjusting the dilution rate
Chemostats
Any alteration in the physical, chemical or biological properties of the environment (air, water and land) which adversely affects it’s aesthetics quality and/ or beneficial use
Environmental Pollution
This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhibited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water
Class AA (Public water Supply Class 1)
For sources of water supply that requires complete treatment (coagulation,sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW
Class A (public water supply Class II
For primary contact recreation such as bathing,swimming, diving, etc.(particularly those designated for tourism purpose)
Class B (Recreational water Class I)
Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources
Class C ( recreational water Class II (e.g. boating, etc.) Industrial water supply Class 1 (For manufacturing processes after treatment).
For agriculture, irrigation,livestock watering, etc
Class D (Industrial water supply Class II (e.g.cooling, etc.)
Water suitable for the propagation, survival and harvesting of shellfish for commercial purposes
Class SA(Tourist zones, national marine parks, coral reef parks)
Recreational water Class I (Areas regularly used by the public for bathing, swimming, diving,etc.)
Fishery Water Class II( Commercial and sustenance fishing)
Class SB
Recreational water Class II (e.g.bkating,etc)
Fishery Water Class II (Commercial and sustenance fishing)
Marshy and/or mangrove areas declared as fish and wildlife sanctuaries
Class SC
Other coastal and marine waters by their quality, belong to this classification
Class SD (Industrial water supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc)
Generally an indication of the age of sewage
Color (e.g.fresh:grayish or septic:black)
Color comparison tubes containing water of different colors and assigned a color unit ranging from 1 to 70 where 1 color unit Pt=1/2 mg/L Co
Nessler Tubes
Comes from septic decomposition at organic wastes and is due to the presence of gases
Odor
The amount of suspended matter in water/wastewater and is obtained by measuring it’s light scattering ability.
It is the ability of sunlight to pass through water and the ability of water to disperse different materials disposed into it
Turbidity - a typical clear lake has a turbidity of about 25 units while muddy water exceeds 100 units
1 unit=1mg/L silica in H2O
Jackson Turbidimeter -JTU (Jackson Turbidity Unit)
Depth in which a secchi disk may still be visible to the naked eye when submerged in water
Secchi Disk Depth
Lowers the solubility of oxygen in water and increases the rate at which oxygen-consuming microbes attract organic waste
Temperature
Solid residue when water is evaporated at 103-105°C
Total Solids
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water
pH
Causes hardness in water and the formation of scales and deposits on pipelines and fittings if used in industry
Calcium and Magnesium Salts
Basic components of fertilizer, serves as nutrient for microbial growth in particular algae
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
The overabundance in the growth of algae giving water a pea-soup appearance
Eutrophication
refers to heavy metals which are toxic even in small concentrations
Trace metals
Involves the accumulation of metals through each species of the food chain
Biomagnification
Easily converted into the toxic methyl mercury which causes Minamata disease which is a neurological disease characterized by trembling, inability to walk and speak and even serious convulsions that can lead to death
MERCURY
Responsible for the Itai-Itai (ouch-ouch) disease which is an extremely painful disease that causes disintegration of the bones
Cadmium
Causes argyria, the blue-gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane
Silver
Recognized poison,carcinogenic
Arsenic
Causes neurological disease
Chromium
Leads to fetal malformation, mental disability, irritability, loss of appetite and reduction of sex drive
Lead
Principal constituents of animal organisms and in large quantities causes extremely foul odors
Proteins
Include sugars, starches, cellulose and wood fiber
Carbohydrates
Prevent natural aeration reducing the use of the stream for fishing
Oils Fats, Greases
Substances that causes foaming in water
Surfactants
Cause taste problems in water particularly when the water is chlorinated
Phenols
Have the capacity to biomagnify, and certain concentrations are carcinogenic
Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals
Actual quantity of free O2 present in the water
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
A measure of amount of O2 needed to oxidize completely an organic matter whose chemical formula is known
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
A measure of the amount of O2 needed by microorganism to decompose biodegradable organics at a specified time (5 days), temperature (20°C) and pH(7)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
A measure of the amount of O2 needed to oxidize organics using string oxidizing agents (KMnO4 or K2CrO7) in acid media
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Organics are converted into stable end products in a Pt-catalyzed combustion chamber and is determined by monitoring the O2 content present in the products
Total Oxygen Demand (TOD)
Organic matter is oxidized in a high-temperature furnace to convert C to CO2
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
BODt=Lo(1-e^-Kt)
Give the values of k for:
Polluted and waste water
For sewage
At different temperatures
K20°C =0.10/day
K20°C=0.23/day
KT=k20∆^(T-20)
∆=1.056 (T=20-30°C)
=1.135 (T<20°C)
= 1.047 (T>30°C)
Defined as the separation of solid and liquid impurities suspended or dissolved in the carrier water
Wastewater treatment
Treatment used for the removal of coarse and settleable solids by interception
Screening
It is a type of screens composed of parallel bars or rods which maybe hand cleaned or mechanically cleaned
Racks or bar screens
Wire or cloth mesh or perforated plate type of screens
Fine screen
Device that cut-up solids into smaller and more uniform sizes
Comminutors
An enlarged channel where the velocity of wastewater flow is controlled to allow only the heavier solids to settle out
Grit chamber
Method of removing impurities that float on the surface of the waste water
Skimming
Introduction of air into a tank in order to remove grease, odor, improve the treatability of wastewater and promote uniform distribution of suspended and floating solid and to increase BOD removals
Pre-aeration
Aggregations of finely divided solids to a size large enough to settle out using agitation or stirring
Physical Flocculation
Maintain a constant volumetric flow of wastewater from pretreatment to other downstream operations
Equalization Basin
Consists of cylindrical or rectangular tanks where settleable solids are removed by gravity
Sedimentation Tank
Removal of finely divided solids and grease by floating them to the surface
Flotation
A type of flotation conditioner that Forms a film and the solids to be floated
Promoters and activators
A conditioner that stabilize air bubbles
Frothers
A chemical treatment whereby either acids or bases are added to the influent wastewater in order to neutralize any acids or bases present and thus control pH
Neutralization
Involves the addition of chemicals for the express purpose of improving plant performance and removing specific components contained in the wastewater
Chemical Precipitation
An electrochemical process used in the removal of colloidal matter in wastewater through the addition of coagulating agents which reduce the electrostatic charges surrounding colloidal matter
Coagulation
A physico-chemical process used in the removal of finely divided solids, a polyelectrolyte is added to wastewater which can form bridges that will join together the solids
Chemical Flocculation
Refers to the destruction of water forms pathogens (bacteria, viruses, amoebic cyst) for the sole purpose of preventing transmission of disease through water
Disinfection
Amount of Cl2 that will disinfect water
Residual Chlorine
A continuous re-circulating aerobic biochemical process that keeps cells in suspended growth
Activated Sludge Process
A fixed bed where wastewater is intermittently discharged and contacted with biological slimes that have grown in the filter media
Trickling Filters
A large shallow lagoon divided by thermal stratification into an aerobic surface and anaerobic bottom
Stabilization ponds
Stabilization ponds provided with surface aerators
Aerated Lagoon
Generally employed for treatment of organic sludges and concentrated organic industrial waste
Anaerobic Digestion or decomposition
The selection and application of suitable techniques, technologies and management programs to achieve specific waste management objectives
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Clean water act of the Philippines
RA 9275
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
RA 9003
Clean air act of the Philippines
RA 8749
An act to control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste providing penalties for violation thereof
RA 6969
Water code of the Philippines
PD 1067
Philippine Environmental Code
PD 1152
Philippine Environmental Policy
PD 1151
Gas is given an electrical charge as it enters the device. It is also recommended for all sizes of particulates especially those below 1 to 10 microns
Electrostatic Precipitators
Separates the particulates from the main stream by direct interception; FILTER MEDIUM IS CLOTH (canvass or silicon-coated cloth)- 1 to 1p ûm or acetate membrane filters-0.1 úm
Filter
Uses water to effect particulate separation from the gas stream. It may also use a counter-current flow of gas in a spray tower; recommended for particulates of 5 to 20 microns and must have high affinity for water
Scrubber
Dirty gas is fed peripherally into the device. Particulate removal is by centrifugal impaction on the cyclone wall from where it falls to the bottom; recommended for particulates of 20 to 45 microns in size
Cyclone Collector
PM (10) are particles with diameter less than 10 úm
-causes diverse health effects
Particulates
-Artificial gases, used as coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners
-are not water-soluble, therefore not washed from the atmosphere by rain
-stable and can reach the stratosphere
Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
Major constituents of photochemical smog
Tropospheric Ozone
Function of one component of an environment
Niche
Certification for environmental management
ISO 14000
Hottest layer of the earth due to solar heat absorbing
Thermosphere
Contains the ozone layer which screens out the uv rays
Stratosphere
Contains the ozone layer which screens out the uv rays
Stratosphere
Lowest layer of the atmosphere
Troposphere
Protocol that stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere -chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)
Montreal protocol
Protocol that stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere -chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)
Montreal protocol
An international agreement that sets a target reduction of GHG emissions for 37 industrialized countries
Kyoto protocol
