biochem Flashcards

1
Q

causes of hyperkalaemia

A

↑intake: oral, parenteral, transfusion
transcellular movement: rhabdomylysis, DKA, acidosis
↓excretion: AKI, drugs (spironolactone, NSAIDs, ACEi, ARBs), Addison’s

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2
Q

management of hyperkalaemia (incl. dosage)

A
calcium gluconate (10ml 10%) 
10 units insulin + dextrose (100ml 20%)
neb salb  
\+ treat underlying cause
IV sodium bicarb if acidotic
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3
Q

ECG findings hyperkalaemia

A

tented T waves
long PR interval
small / absent P waves
broad QRS

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4
Q

causes of hypercalcaemia

A

suppressed PTH: malignancy (mets, non-small cell lung cancer, multiple myeloma), sarcoidosis, vit D excess, thyrotoxicosis
normal / high PTH: primary / tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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5
Q

management hypercalcaemia

A

IV saline
bisphosphonates (alendronate)
steroids in sarcoidosis

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6
Q

causes of hypokalaemia

A

GI: vomiting, diarrhoea
renal: Conn’s syn, diuretics (non K-sparing e.g. furosemide)
redistribution into cells: alkalosis, drugs: beta-agonists, insulin, digoxin toxicity

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7
Q

causes of hypernatraemia

A
hypovolaemic: losses
dehydration 
GI: vomiting, diarrhoea
renal: loop diuretics 
skin: burns, sweating
osmotic diuresis: HHS, glucose, mannitol  
euvolaemic: diabetes insipidus
hypervolaemic: conn's syn
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8
Q

causes of hyponatraemia

A

hypovolaemic: losses
GI: vomiting, diarrhoea
renal: thiazide diuretics
euvolaemic: SIADH, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency
hypervolaemic: cardiac failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syn

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9
Q

causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

A
DKA 
paracetamol
salicylates 
alcohol
lactic acidosis e.g. in tissue hypoxia 
hyperkalaemia
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10
Q

causes of raised urea

A

AKI

upper GI bleed

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