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Biochem Flashcards

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1
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown reactions

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions of synthesis

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3
Q

Biopolymers

A

Form from condensation synthesis reactions which involve the elimination of a water molecule; made of smaller monomer units; includes: proteins, carbohydrates, and enzymes

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4
Q

Condensation

A

Reactions involving the elimination of a water molecule

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The process of breaking up a biopolymer back into its monomer units by the addition of water

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6
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomer units that make up a proteins (ex: Glycine and Alanine); Always has an amine group and a carboxylic acid group

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7
Q

Zwitter Ion

A

A form which amino acids can take where when placed in a neutral solution will donate a proton from the carboxyl group (acting as an acid) and also accept a proton through the amine group (acting as a base) and therefore forms an ion with both a positive and negative charge.

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8
Q

Isoelectric Point

A

pH where the amino acid will exist as a zwitter ion

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9
Q

Anionic Amino Acid

A

Form an amino acid takes in a strongly alkaline solution having a negative charge.

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10
Q

Cationic Amino Acid

A

Form an amino acid takes in a strongly acidic solution having a positive charge

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11
Q

Peptide/Amide link

A

Occurs when the carboxyl group of an amino acid undergoes a condensation reaction with the amine group of another creating a polypeptide with the functional group -CONH-

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12
Q

Protein

A

Polypeptide made up of more than 50 amino acid monomers

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13
Q

Primary Structure

A

amino acids forming the linear sequence of the polypeptide chain; hold together by covalent or peptide bonds; sequence of the protein is unique to that protein.

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14
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Regions of the chain are organized into regular structures known as alpha-helixes and beta pleated sheets; held together by hydrogen bonds between the lone pairs of the O in the carboxyl group and an H of an amine group further down the line

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15
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Held together by the interaction of the side change through ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, dispersion forces, or disulfide links to form the three dimensional shape of a protein

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16
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

How the individual polypeptide chains interact with each other

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17
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as a biological catalyst, increasing reaction rates of biological reactions without being used up in the process; tend to have more than 200 amino acids and are specifically designed for only one type of reaction through its tertiary structure.

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18
Q

Substrate

A

The specific protein that will “unlock” an enzyme allowing it to catalyze the reaction.

19
Q

Electrophloresis

A

Analytical technique to create a “protein fingerprint” by separating large molecules with an overall charge and mass such as DNA and Proteins

20
Q

Lipids

A

Molecules including oils and fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, and steroids; mainly carbon and hydrogen with small amounts of oxygen and other elements; nonpolar and so are insoluble in water; store energy in the body, release more energy per gram than carbs; thermal insulator

21
Q

Free fatty acid

A

Long hydrocarbon tail with a carboxylic acid group head

22
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol (OH-OH-OH) through a ester link formed by a condensation reaction

23
Q

Phospholipids

A

Similar structure to triglyceride but replacing one of the fatty acids with phosphate group; polar head (hydrophilic), 2 non-polar tails (hydrophobic) forming a bilayer; forms cell membranes

24
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with a structure consisting of 4 fused rings known as the steroidal backbone

25
Q

Iodine Numbers

A

Degree of saturation of lipids measured in the mass of Iodine which reacts with 100g of the lipid (1 mol iodine reacts with 1 mol of double bonds)

26
Q

Hydrolytic Rancidity

A

when fats break down by hyrdolysis reactions which occur from the water present in foods and the enzyme liapse which can be favored in the presence of certain bacteria and high temperatures.

27
Q

Oxidative Rancidity

A

when unsaturated fats react with oxygen from the air (reaction point is the double bond); can be controlled but not stopped by the addition of antioxidants

28
Q

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Major carrier of cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body; when cholesterol levels are excessive LDL deposits it on the sides of arteries causing damage

29
Q

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A

mops up cholesterol from the bloodstream and takes it back to the liver

30
Q

Anabolic Steroids`

A

class of steroids that are related to testosterone which mimic the actions of testosterone

31
Q

Anabolism

A

the increasing of synthesis withing cells, building up cellular tissue especially in muscles

32
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polymer of all plants which is a type of carbohydrate

33
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Oxygen-rich biomolecules which play a role in metabolic reaction of energy transfer

34
Q

Monosacharride

A

Carbohydrate of the form Cx(H20)y containing a carbonyl group and at least two hydroxyl groups.

35
Q

Disacharride

A

a carbohydrate formed when two monosacharrides undergo a condensation reaction

36
Q

Glycosidic Link

A

Ether link

37
Q

Polysacharride

A

a carbohydrate polymer where monosacharrides are connected by a glycosidic link

38
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic micronutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body so must be obtained from diet

39
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

vitamins containing polar hydroxyl groups allowing it to hydrogen bond with water

40
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamins that are nonpolar and insoluble in water bc the larger part of the molecule is very nonpolar

41
Q

Zeolites

A

specifically designed organic branched polymers that act as a “cage” to immobilize pollutants and xenobiotics from the ecosystem by mimicking the nature of enzymes

42
Q

Green chemistry

A

Takes into account the environmental impacts of a chemical process and encourages the synthetic design that minimizes the use and generation of hazardous materials

43
Q

Atom economy

A

the efficiency of a procedure as the ratio of the mass of the isolated target product to the combined masses of all the starting reactants, catalysts, and solvents

Chemistry (4 decks)

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