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Boards 1 > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Maltose is produced from the breakdown of which of the following?

A

Starch

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2
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for oxidative decarboxylation during carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Thiamine

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3
Q

The final products of aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate are:

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by which hormone?

A

Cortisol;

If cortisol is not available as an answer, choose epinephrine

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5
Q

Which of the following will reduce to only two glucose molecules?

A

Maltose

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6
Q

What type of reaction makes pyruvate and oxaloacetate from aspartate + asparagine?

A

Transamination;

Transamination will convert sugar into an amino acid.

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7
Q

The catabolism of glucose begins with the transferring of phosphate groups from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by:

A

Hexokinase

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8
Q

Excessive fluoride in drinking water will cause:

A

Discoloration of teeth

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9
Q

Which of the following is the sugar component of ATP?

A

Ribose

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10
Q

Which is a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

The most common bond between the glucose moieties in glycogen is:

A

Alpha 1-4

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12
Q

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because it:

A

Undergoes mutarotation;

Mutarotation is left and right rotation.

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13
Q

Which carbohydrate is the most prevalent sugar in blood plasma?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

What is a six-membered ring of a monosaccharide called?

A

Pyranose

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15
Q

Which carbon, on a 6-carbon fatty acid, determines the D versus L configuration of a sugar carbon?

A

5

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16
Q

Which of the following can be catabolized anaerobically?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

Which of the following is classified as a complex carbohydrate?

A

Amylose

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18
Q

Which of the following occurs with a low carbohydrate diet?

A

Glucogenesis;
Lipogenesis, ketosis, and fatty acid mobilization all realte to fat! Apple, orange, banana, RAT - The “rat” is glucogenesis, which is the answer!

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19
Q

Which dietary carbohydrate does NOT require digestion before being absorbed?

A

Fructose

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20
Q

What are the products of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Monosaccharides

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21
Q

Dietary fiber is described as:

A

Undigestible carbohydrates

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22
Q

Galactose is the product in the digestion of:

A

Lactose

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23
Q

Which diet will most likely produce ketosis?

A

Low carbohydrate

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24
Q

Fat mobilization is promoted by ___ and inhibited by ___.

A

Epinephrine; insulin

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25
Q

Glycolysis stimulates which of the following?

A

Lipid storage in fat cells

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26
Q

What enhances the biosynthesis of triglycerides in adipose tissue?

A

Increased glucose uptake in adipose cells

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27
Q

An intermediate in gluconeogenesis from lipids is

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate

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28
Q

Bile accomplishes which of the following?

A

Emulsification of fats;
Hydrolysis is accomplished through various enzymes. Emulsification is the first step of fat digestion and allows the enzymes for fat hydrolysis to perform their duties.

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29
Q

Cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by:

A

Insulin;

Glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine inhibit cholesterol synthesis

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30
Q

The presence of which of the following metabolites in the blood inhibits the production of cholesterol by the liver?

A

Cholesterol

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31
Q

Chylomicrons are synthesized by ___ cells.

A

Intestinal

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32
Q

Fatty acid oxidation yields more energy per gram than does sugar oxidation because fatty acids:

A

Can exist initially in a more reduced state than sugars

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33
Q

With the normal process of biosynthesis, which of the following is the most vital part of the lipid bilayer?

A

Phosphatide;

Ketones are produced from fat metabolism.

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34
Q

Which is a complex lipid which contains carbohydrates in their structure?

A

Cerebroside;

Sphingomyelinase deficiency is called Niemann-Pick disease

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35
Q

Transfer of fatty acids to cytoplasm of the mitochondrial matrix is by way of:

A

Carnitine;

It takes a “car” nitine to drive the fatty acids into the membrane

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36
Q

Which of the following is NOT an essential fatty acid?

A

Palmitic

Arachidonic, Linoleic, Linolenic are

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37
Q

Which classes of compounds constitute major components of dietary lipids?

A

Triacylglycerols

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38
Q

Which is a bond between glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Ester

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39
Q

When a polar lipid such as lecithin is suspended in water, a bimolecular layer is spontaneously formed to:

A

Hide the hydrophobic tails and expose the hydrophilic heads

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40
Q

Which of the following is absorbed into the lymphatics to a greater extent than in the blood during the process of digestion?

A

Fats

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41
Q

Which of the following oils has the highest level of monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

Olive oil

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42
Q

Which of the following fatty acids is NOT endogenously synthesized in the body?

A

Linoleic

Palmitic, Palmitoleic, Oleic

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43
Q

Which of the following is the major dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Cold water fish oil

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44
Q

The first stage of protein synthesis includes:

A

Activation;
The stages of protein synthesis: 1. Activation of amino acids, 2. Initiation of polypeptide chain, 3. Elongation, 4. Termination, 5. Folding and processing.

45
Q

Where is the primary site of amino acid metabolism?

A

Liver

46
Q

Nitrogen is excreted in protein catabolism combined for use with:

A

Amino acid

47
Q

Thyroid hormone biosynthesis includes iodination of which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

48
Q

From which amino acid is niacin synthesized?

A

Tryptophan;

Tryptophan mostly makes what ends in “N.”

49
Q

What is the cause of phenylketonuria?

A

Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

50
Q

Which amino acid directly supplies the amino group of synthesis of other amino acids?

A

Glutamine

51
Q

The most common amino acid in the production of renal ammonia is:

A

Glutamine

52
Q

What amino acid is not optically active?

A

Glycine;
Optically active amino acids can rotate plane-polarized light in one direction or the other. Glycine is the ONLY amino acid that is not optically active!

53
Q

What amino acid is predominant in the transport of nitrogen between organs?

A

Alanine and glutamine

54
Q

What is the term for an amino acid ion that has both positive and negative regions of charge?

A

Zwitterion

55
Q

What is an element of protein, but NOT of fatty acid?

A

Nitrogen

56
Q

The amino acid sequence of a protein is known as which structure?

A

Primary

57
Q

Which amino acid contains sulfur?

A

Cysteine;

Methionine also contains sulfur.

58
Q

Human plasma contains the greatest amount of which of the following proteins?

A

Albumin;

1:2 Albumin to Globulin ration.

59
Q

Which of the following begins with serine?

A

Synthesis of glycine

60
Q

Digestion of proteins in the stomach is the function of:

A

Pepsin

61
Q

Which food contains the highest quality protein?

A

Egg

62
Q

What is the source of utilizable nitrogen for the human body?

A

Protein

63
Q

Digestion of protein is a function of:

A

Trypsin;

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase (ptyalin).

64
Q

During the digestion of proteins which of the following reactions occur?

A

Hydrolysis

65
Q

Which of the following is a very poor source of tryptophan?

A

Lamb

66
Q

Chylomicronemia is caused by a deficiency of:

A

Lipoprotein lipase

67
Q

Digestive proteins are absorbed from the GI tract predominantly as:

A

Amino acids;

Amino acids are the simplest form of proteins.

68
Q

The catalytic function of an enzyme is to:

A

Decrease a reaction’s activation energy

69
Q

Enzymes which have different structures and catalyze the same reactions are known as:

A

Isoenzymes;
Coenzymes help enzymes work, proenzymes are enzyme precursors, allosteric enzymes control the rate of reactions, and isoenzymes are enzymes with different subgroups but similar main groups in their structure.

70
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is under what enzyme classification?

A

Oxidoreductase

71
Q

Which of these enzymes catalyze the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate during glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

72
Q

An albino, who is completely white, is lacking which enzyme in his melanocytes?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase;

Tyrosine hydroxylase is necessary for the synthesis of melanin.

73
Q

The third step of glycolysis involves the allosteric enzyme:

A

Phosphofructokinase

74
Q

Selenium is a cofactor for which enzyme?

A

Glutathione peroxidase

75
Q

Which of the following enzymes regulates cholesterol biosynthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

76
Q

Which of the following is a cofactor for hexokinase?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

77
Q

Enzymes function by ____ reactions.

A

Decrease entropy

78
Q

Which of the following hormones increase the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle?

A

Thyroxine

79
Q

The principle source of utilizable androgens in the human is:

A

Fats;

Steroid hormones are made from fat.

80
Q

In humans, prostaglandins are primarily derived from:

A

Arachidonate

81
Q

Beta dopamine is necessary for the synthesis of:

A

Norepinephrine

82
Q

Hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA is an intermediate of which pathway?

A

Cholesterol biosynthesis and ketogenesis

83
Q

The hormone epinephrine is a ____ and is biosynthesized in the ____.

A

Catecholamine; adrenal gland

84
Q

Which hormone acts to produce hypoglycemia?

A

Insulin

85
Q

Which of the following hormones is a steroid?

A

Aldosterone

86
Q

Which of the following hormones are primarily responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids?

A

Cortisol

87
Q

What substance controls calcium exchange out of bone?

A

Parathormone

88
Q

Xanthine is an intermediate in which of the following?

A

Degradation of purines

89
Q

Which of the following is most likely to result from the genetic inability to break down purines?

A

Gout;

Gout can damage not only the big toe, but other bones, too! Check the patient’s diet.

90
Q

What is the pyrimidine-purine combination in RNA?

A

Adenine – uracil

91
Q

Which of the following vitamins is necessary for the biosynthesis of purines?

A

Folic acid

92
Q

Which amino acid begins the urea cycle?

A

Arginine

93
Q

Anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate will produce:

A

Lactate

94
Q

This process begins with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate:

A

Urea cycle

95
Q

Which of the following is a part of a nucleic acid?

A

Phosphate

96
Q

Which nitrogenous base is not normally found in DNA?

A

Uracil

97
Q

In the Watson and Crick model of DNA, the two long polynucleotide chains are held together by which of the following bonds?

A

Hydrogen

98
Q

Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not in RNA?

A

Thymine

99
Q

Conversion of mRNA genetic information into polypeptides is called:

A

Translation

100
Q

Which of the following is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of RNA?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

101
Q

Reproduction requires

A

DNA synthesis

102
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of urea?

A

Arginase

103
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for the proper production of RBCs?

A

Folacin and Vitamin B12

104
Q

What transaminase coenzyme is derived from vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

105
Q

The basic structure of which vitamin contains a metal ion?

A

Vitamin B12;

Cobalt is the metal ion (B12 is aka cyanocobalamin).

106
Q

Vitamin E protects cellular and subcellular membranes because it acts as a/an:

A

Antioxidant

107
Q

Which B-complex vitamin contributes carbon atoms in the formation of a DNA nucleus?

A

Folic acid

108
Q

The active form of B9 is:

A

Tetrahydrofolate

109
Q

Which of the following minerals activates the phosphorylation reaction in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

A

Magnesium

Boards 1 (9 decks)

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