Biochem Flashcards by Margarita V

What are the chemical elements that form most of living biological matter?

CHON

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It is the body’s primary source of energy

a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid

elements: CHO
examples: starches, cellulose

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Needed for growth and repair

a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid

elements: CHONPS
examples: muscle, hair, nails, and repair

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Long term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane, hormones

a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid

elements: CHO
examples: oil, wax, fat

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genetic information storage & protein synthesis

a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid

elements: CHONP
example: DNA, RNA

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general formula of carbohydrates

Cn(H2O)n

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one carbohydrate unit

monosaccharide

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The position of the carbonyl group (carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) is at C1

aldehyde
ketose

aldehyde

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Representation of a three dimensional molecule as a flat structure

Fischer Projections

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Which is NOT a simple carbohydrate because of its cellular metabolism and insulin response

a. monosaccharide
b. disaccharide
c. trisaccharide
d. polysaccharide

d. complex

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Milk sugar

Lactose

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It is the formation of 1 molecule of disaccharide using 2 simple sugars with a removal of 1 H20 molecule

Condensation reaction

• when water is added - Hydrolysis

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“saccharide” means

sugar

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If the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the highest numbered chiral carbon is pointing to the RIGHT, the sugar is designated as

D—
L—

D (Dextro — latin for “on the right side”)

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If the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the highest numbered chiral carbon is pointing to the LEFT, the sugar is designated as

D—
L—

L (Levo — latin for “on the left side”)

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Simplest of all aldoses

a. glyceraldehyde
b. aldotetroses
c. aldopentoses
d. all of the above

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Carbohydrates that are missing a hydroxy group

a. Amino sugar
b. Disaccharide
c. Deoxy sugar
d. Polysaccharide

• Amino sugar - carbohydrates in which a hydroxyl group is replaced with an —NH2 or —NHAc group

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Most naturally occuring carbohydrates are of the ____ configuration

D—
L—

D—

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Bonds occuring on carbohydrates.

Glycosidic bond

• Glycoside - a substance containing a glycosidic bond

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Glucose and fructose are examples of

A. double sugars
B. disaccharides
C. single sugars
D. polysaccharides

c. single sugar or monosaccharide

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Disaccharide

glucose + glucose

Maltose - malt sugar

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Disaccharide

galactose + glucose

Lactose - milk sugar

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Disaccharide

glucose + fructose

sucrose

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(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for which type of macromolecules?

A. Proteins
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic Acid

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Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide? A. Glycogen B. Starch C. Sucrose D. Cellulose

What are used in animals as a source of quick energy that can be stored in the liver and muscles ? A. Proteins B. Nucleic acids C. Carbohydrates D. Lipids

Sugars, starches, and cellulose belong to which major class of biological molecules? A. Nucleic acids B. carbohydrates C. lipids D. polypeptides

Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets sto the energy as simple sugars. Other plants, like corn and potatoes, store the energy as more complex sugars called? A. carbohydrates B. calories C. starches D. cellulose

starch molecules that are linear

amylose

Triesters of glycerol and fatty acids a. Acetyl CoA b. pyruvate c. Triglyceride d. all pf the above

Triglyceride

Animal fats

glycerides

It is the process in which triglycerides are combined with a strong base to form fatty acid metal salts

Saponification

Soaps have a hydrophilic, _____ head group and a hydrophobic, ______ tail non polar, polar

polar, non polar ex: any non polar dirt or grease gets trapped inside the micelle molecule

Which macromolecule does not dissolve in water? A. proteins B. lipids C. carbohydrates D. nucleic acids

What are the naturally occuring fatty acids (6)

1. Capric 2. Lauric 3. Myristic 4. Palmitic 5. Stearic 6. Arachidic "Carla, Laura, & Maria Perform Silly Antics"

What are the monomers of lipids? A. Amino acids B. Simple sugars C. Fatty acids and glycerol D. Nucleic acids

Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions EXCEPT: A. membrane structural material. B. enzyme action. C. insulation. D. a rich energy source

What type of organic substances are fats? A. nucleic acid B. carbohydrate C. protein D. lipids

Two types of fat

Saturated and unsaturated

Fats that have fatty acids with only single covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons are A. saturated B. unsaturated C. found in plants instead of animals D. liquid at room temperature

A type of fat that is solid at room temperature a. Transfat b. Saturated fat c. Polyunsaturated d. Monounsaturated

A type of fat that contains only ONE carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond a. Transfat b. Saturated fat c. Polyunsaturated d. Monounsaturated

A type of fat that has two or more carbon-carbon double bonds a. Transfat b. Saturated fat c. Polyunsaturated d. Monounsaturated

c • Polyunsaturated fat can be split into Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids

Trans fat is artificially formed via a process called _________. a. Glycosidic bond b. Hydrogenation c. Hydrolysis d. NOTA

Which of the following is a polymer? A. nucleic acid B. fatty acid C. Amino acid D. Glycerol

A Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins.

Two major classes of nucleic acids

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleic acid

The central dogma DNA —> mRNA —> ________

protein

It is the monomeric unit for nucleic acid

nucleotide

sugar + base a. Nucleotide b. Nucleoside c. Nucleic Acid d. NOTA

sugar + base + phosphate a. Nucleotide b. Nucleoside c. Nucleic Acid d. NOTA

Heterocyclic bases (What are the two DNA bases)

1. Purine - 2 rings 2. Pyrimidine - 1 ring

carbohydrate + base a. Nucleotide b. Nucleoside c. Nucleic Acid d. NOTA

nucleoside + phosphate a. Nucleotide b. Nucleoside c. Nucleic Acid d. NOTA

It is an enzyme that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from ATP to an acceptor substrate a. Nucleotide b. Bioenergetic c. Kinase d. NOTA

c. • Kinase - attach the phosphate group from ATP

The chemical linkage between nucleotide units of nucleic acids

Phosphodiester

It specifies that the amounts of guanine and cytosine be the same. While the ratios of adenine and thiamine are the same

Chargaff's rule Chargaff's rules state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases should exist

The DNA-histone assembly is called

Nucleosome

Enzyme that unknots and uncoils the DNA a. Ligase b. Polymerase c. Helicase d. Topoisomerase

Enzyme that unwinds the DNA a. Ligase b. Polymerase c. Helicase d. Topoisomerase

Enzyme that replicates DNA using each strand as a template for the newly synthesized strand a. Ligase b. Polymerase c. Helicase d. Topoisomerase

Enzyme that catalyzes the phosphodiester bond between pieces of DNA a. Ligase b. Polymerase c. Helicase d. Topoisomerase

Why is DNA Replication semi conservative

because each new strand of DNA contains one parental and daughter strand • Parental - old, template • Daughter - newly synthesized

The replication on this strand occurs discontinuously leading, lagging

lagging - replication of the lagging strand occurs discontinuosly. Short DNA fragments are initially synthesized and then ligated together.

RNA usually exist as a _____ strand. single, double

single

Three major kinds of RNA

mRNA - messenger rRNA - ribosomal tRNA - transfer

Start codon

AUG - methionine

Stop codons (3)

UAA UAG UGA

Process by which DNA is copied with very high fidelity a. Translation b. Transcription c. Replication d. NOTA

Process by which the DNA genetic code is read and transferred ro mRNA a. Translation b. Transcription c. Replication d. NOTA

This is an intermediate step in protein expression a. Translation b. Transcription c. Replication d. NOTA

The process by which the genetic code is converted to a protein (end product) a. Translation b. Transcription c. Replication d. NOTA

RNA contains _____ and ______. a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine b. 2-deoxyribose, uracil c. thymine, ribose d. ribose, uracil

d. ribose and uracil

DNA contains _____ and ______. a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine b. 2-deoxyribose, uracil c. thymine, ribose d. ribose, uracil

a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine

This is the DNA strand being copied during transcription. a. sense strand b. antisense strand c. codon d. all of the above

b. antisense or coding strand

What are described as the "building blocks of Protein"? A. Fiber B. Lipids C. Amino Acids D. Nutrients

Non-polar side chains

"Grandma Always Visits London In May For Winstons Party" 1. Glycine (G), Gly 2. Alanine (A), Ala 3. Valine (V), Val 4. Leucine (L), Leu 5. Isoleucine (Ile) 6. Methionine (M), Met 4. Phenylalanine (F), Phe 5. Tryptophan (W), Trp 6. Pheproline (P), Pro

Polar Side Chains

"Santas Team Crafts New Quilts Yearly" S, serine (Ser) T, threonine (Thr) C, cysteine (Cys) N, asparagine (Asn) Q, glutamine (Gln) Y, tyrosine (Tyr)

Electrically charged side chains

"Dragons Eat Knights Riding Horses" Acidic: D, aspartic acid (Asp) E, glutamic acid (Glu) Basic: K, lysine (Lys) R, arginine (Arg) H, histidine (His)

Proteins are _______ made of amino acid _______. A. monomers; polymers B. polymers; polypeptides C. polymers; monomers D. monomers; molecules

In this type of structure, most of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of another peptide bond four amino acids further down the polypeptide chain: A. Alpha-helix B. Beta-sheet C. Beta-turn D. Quaternary

The isoelectric point of an amino acid is defined as the pH A. where the molecule carries no electric charge B. where the carboxyl group is uncharged C. where the amino group is uncharged D. of maximum electrolytic mobility

Amino acids exists as a _____, a dipolar ion having both a formal positive and negative charge. a. cation b. anion c. zwitterion d. isoelectric

c. Zwitterion - have positive and negative charge. overall a neutral charge. Amino acids are amphoteric - can reat as either an acid or a base. Isoelectric pt - the pH at which the amino acid exists largely in a neutral, zwitterionic form

It is the separation of polar compounds based on their mobility through a solid support. a. Electrophoresis b. Hydrolisis c. Epidermal Growth Factor d. NOTA

"The miracle of mother's spit" - 53 amino acid, 3 disulfide linkages a. Electrophoresis b. Hydrolisis c. Epidermal Growth Factor d. NOTA

The tertiary structure of polypeptides and proteins that bundle to form elongates fibrous assemblies. a. Globular b. Fibrous c. EGF d. NOTA

b • Globular - proteins that fold into a spherical conformation

Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions a. Proteases b. Lipids c. Enzymes d. Carbohydrates

c • Coenzymes - additional organic molecules or metal ions that assist in the catalysis of a reaction - also called as cofactors

Catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds a. Proteases b. Lipids c. Enzymes d. Carbohydrates

a Four classes of Proteases: 1. Serine 2. Aspartyl 3. Cysteine 4. Metallo

The term SALTING refers to A. Changes in an amino acid's isoelectric point. B.Increasing the solubility of a protein in solution by adding ions. C.The use of a liquid bridge in an electrochemical cell. D. The ionization of a strong acid.

The local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide's backbone atoms without regard to the conformation of its side chains can be called as A. Primary structure B. Secondary structure C. Tertiary structure D. Quaternary structure

Which of the following is (are) true of B-turns in proteins? A. It is a 180° turn of four amino acids. B.Glycine and proline are frequently found there. C.Are used as connecting turns of a-helix D. All of the above.

The primary stabilizing force of protein secondary structure is A. lonic bonds B. Covalent bonds C. Van der Waals forces D. Hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a globular protein? A. Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets B. Polypeptide chains are folded in a spherical shape. C. Contains several types of secondary structure D. Typical for regulatory proteins.

The alpha helix found in myoglobin can best be described as A. Primary structure B. Secondary structure C. Tertiary structure D. Motif structure

Some parts of a protein that have a specific chemical structure and function are called protein A. chemicals B. domains C. subunits D. enzymes

If a person breathes into a paper bag, you would expect their blood CO2 to A. decrease and their blood pH to increase B. decrease and their blood pH to decrease C. increase and their blood pH to increase D. increase and their blood pH to decrease

The quaternary structure of a protein A.the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide B. the coiling or folding of the polypeptide C. the intertwining of two or more polypeptides D.the 3-dimensional appearance of the polypeptide

The action of disrupting the three-dimensional shape of a protein is termed A. dehydration B. denaturation C. deamination D. hydrolysis

At a pH>pl of a given protein, that protein becomes __________, at the pH

anion, cation because PI is the pH at which the molecule carries no net electric charge

The imino acid found in protein structure a. Arginine b. Proline c. Histidine d. Lysin

The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation. a) Hydrogen bonds b) Peptide bonds c) lonic bond d) Disulfide bonds

Which of the following is not considered a pyrimidine? A. C B. T C. U D. G

D • PURINE: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) • PYRIMIDINE: Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U)

What type of sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA? A. deoxyribose B. ribose C. glucose D. none of the above

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure if DNA? A. to code for proteins B. to synthesize proteins C. to separate the strands D. to connect the base pairs

D • To form the DNA molecule, purine bases bind to pyrimidine bases by intermolecular bonds called hydrogen bonds. • Hydrogen bonds occur when there is hydrogen near one of these electronegative elements: oxygen or nitrogen.

Which is true about the pairing of bases in the DNA molecule? A. purines always pair with pyrimidines B. a single ring base pairs with another single ring base C. a double ring base pairs with another double ring base D. purines pair with purines and pyrimidines with pyrimidines

A messenger acid is 336 nucleotides long, including the initiator and termination codons. The maximum number of amino acids in the protein translated from this mRNA IS: A 999 B 630 C 330 D 111 E 110

What is the function of enzymes within living systems? A) structural elements B) neurotransmitters C) catalysts D) hormones

Any molecule that can be converted to pyruvate is considered

glucogenic ex: glycerol, lactate, alanine

Discovered catalytic conversion of glycogen

Carl and Gerty Cori

Overall efficiency of cellular respiration a. 39% b. 69% c. 49% d. 29%

39% - remaining 69% is used to produce heat

Where nucleogenesis, electron transport, krebs cycle occurs a. Cytoplasm b. Mitochondria c. Cell d. NOTA

Mitochondria Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm

Breaking down of molecules a. Catabolism b. Anabolism c. Metabolism d. NOTA

a • Anabolism - building up of molecules - come from our food • Metabolism - The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.

Phases of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis - breakdown of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate 2. Preparatory Rxn - pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA (occurs twice bc there is 2 pyruvates) 3. Citric Acid Cycle - the acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid (occurs twice bc there is 2 acetyl CoA) 4. Electrin Transport Chain - 32-34 ATP per glucose can be produced If NO OXYGEN: In animals: pyruvate —> lactate Plants: pyruvate —> Alcohol + CO2 (Fermentation) Fermentation: 2 ATP Lactate - toxic to muscles provides a rapid bursts of ATP

These are the most abundant organic molecules in living cells a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. lipids d. fats

Type of bacteria that are considered to be ancient organisms such as methanos halobacteria and thermoacidophiles a. archaebacteria b. eubacteria c. bacteriophage d. virus

Which of the following is not a steroid? a. sex hormones b. cholesterol c. adrenocortical hormones d. prostaglandin

Bacteria which convert alcoholic solution to vinegar are a. coli b. acetobacters c. bacilli d. proteins

b • Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms • Acetobacter the main species responsible for the production of vinegar • Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria.

The biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul smelling products in an anaerobic condition is a. pollution b. putrefaction c. dissolution d. stabilization

b • Putrefaction - decomposition of organic matter with foul smell

A waste treatment process by which biologically active growths are continuously circulated with incoming biodegradable waste in the presence of oxygen is a. activated sludge process b. stabilization process c. agitation process d. trickling filter process

The temperature at which a microorganism is killed within a period of 10 minutes. a. SCP b. TDP c. TDT d. ATP

A visible concentrated growth of algae or other aquatic life/plants is called a. phytoplankton b. amoeba c. bloom d. zoo plankton

This is the early period of growth where the organism adjusts to its new environment a. stationary phase b. logarithmic phase c. lag phase d. decline phase

c Bacterial growth: 1. Lag phase - take some time to adapt to the new environment. In this phase, the bacteria does not reproduce but prepares itself for reproduction 2. Log phase - also known as the exponential phase. This phase is marked by the doubling of the bacterial cells 3. Stationary phase - the rate of growth of the cells becomes equal to its rate of death. 4. Death phase - At this stage, the rate of death is greater than the rate of formation of new cells.

Genetic information is stored in the structure of the DNA molecule. Which of the following obtains the code for protein synthesis from DNA and serves as the template for peptide formation? a. transfer RNA b. messenger RNA c. ribosomal RNA d. colon

The enzyme in the stomach is a. urease b. papase c. pepsin d. bromelis

The organism that reproduces by sporulation is a. bacteria b. molds c. protozoa d. yeast

Organism that grows or uses CO2 as its principal carbon source. a. autotroph b. aerobe c. mesophile d. heterotroph

Bacteria which grow over the temperature range of 30°C to 40°C are called a. psychrophiles b. hydrophiles c. mesophiles d. thermophiles

Group of microorganisms that grow in the presence of low oxygen concentration are a. pathogens b. bacteria c. fungi d. microaerophiles

These are very small bound particles that release digestive enzymes and contribute the digestion of nutrients in a cell a. Endoplasmic Reticulum b. Golgi Bodies c. Lysosomes d. Mitochondria

c Lysosome : contains digestive enzymes Endoplasmic Reticulum : serves as calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. Golgi body : transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid

Method used to free milk from disease or germs a. Lyophitization b. Pasteurisation c. Fermentation d. Putrefication

The microorganism utilized in the production of pickles is a. acetobacter b. lactic acid bacteria c. streptomyces griseus d. aspergillus sojae

The color of fruit like papaya is attributed to a pigment which is a precursor of Vitamin A. This substance is a. lecithin b. carotene c. lipoprotein d. riboflavin

b • Lecithin - The body uses lecithin in the metabolic process and to move fats. Lecithins turn into choline in the body. They help make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Lecithin is commonly used as a food additive to emulsify foods. • Riboflavin - Riboflavin is a BRIGHT YELLOW nature-identical color, often referred to as Vitamin B2 - is a key component of coenzymes involved with the growth of cells, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism is called a. bile b. insulin c. alanine d. cortisol

b pancreas : insulin liver : bile adrenal gland : cortisol • Bile - is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. - helps with digestion. - It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract. - Mostly cholesterol • Alanine - is an amino acid that is used to make proteins. • Cortisol - primary stress hormone - a steroid hormone that is produced by your 2 adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. When you are stressed, increased cortisol is released into your bloodstream

The disaccharide formed by B-glycosidic bond is a. sucrose b. lactose c. maltose d. glucose

b D-galactose + D-glucose — joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond

The only source that naturally contains vitamin D a. Sunlight b. Meat c. Fish Oil d. Orange

Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin D d. Vitamin E

Plants that are devoid of chlorophyll and are therefore unable to synthesize their own food. a. fungi b. bacteria c. virus d. none of these

The fundamental cause of sickle-cell disease is a change in the structure of a. red cells b. hemoglobin c. capillaries d. blood

It is the major form of stored carbohydrate in animals. a. glycogen b. starch c. amylose d. amylopectin

Which of the following is a saturated fatty acid? a. oleic acid b. linoleic acid c. arachidonic acid d. palmitic acid

A measure of the degree of unsaturation of a fatty acid a. Acid Number b. Iodine Number c. Saponification number d. Deborah number

These are DNA or RNA coated protein that may or may not be considered as living things. a. protozoa b. bacteria c. algae d. virus

Non-photosynthetic eucaryotes, highly organized with soil as its major habitat a. fungi b. virus c. protozoa d. bacteria

what are the two most important elements for the growth of marine algae?

N and P