Biochem Flashcards
What are the chemical elements that form most of living biological matter?
CHON
It is the body’s primary source of energy
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
a
elements: CHO
examples: starches, cellulose
Needed for growth and repair
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
b
elements: CHONPS
examples: muscle, hair, nails, and repair
Long term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane, hormones
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
c
elements: CHO
examples: oil, wax, fat
genetic information storage & protein synthesis
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
d
elements: CHONP
example: DNA, RNA
general formula of carbohydrates
Cn(H2O)n
one carbohydrate unit
monosaccharide
The position of the carbonyl group (carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) is at C1
aldehyde
ketose
aldehyde
Representation of a three dimensional molecule as a flat structure
Fischer Projections
Which is NOT a simple carbohydrate because of its cellular metabolism and insulin response
a. monosaccharide
b. disaccharide
c. trisaccharide
d. polysaccharide
d. complex
Milk sugar
Lactose
It is the formation of 1 molecule of disaccharide using 2 simple sugars with a removal of 1 H20 molecule
Condensation reaction
• when water is added - Hydrolysis
“saccharide” means
sugar
If the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the highest numbered chiral carbon is pointing to the RIGHT, the sugar is designated as
D—
L—
D (Dextro — latin for “on the right side”)
If the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the highest numbered chiral carbon is pointing to the LEFT, the sugar is designated as
D—
L—
L (Levo — latin for “on the left side”)
Simplest of all aldoses
a. glyceraldehyde
b. aldotetroses
c. aldopentoses
d. all of the above
a
Carbohydrates that are missing a hydroxy group
a. Amino sugar
b. Disaccharide
c. Deoxy sugar
d. Polysaccharide
c
• Amino sugar - carbohydrates in which a hydroxyl group is replaced with an —NH2 or —NHAc group
Most naturally occuring carbohydrates are of the ____ configuration
D—
L—
D—
Bonds occuring on carbohydrates.
Glycosidic bond
• Glycoside - a substance containing a glycosidic bond
Glucose and fructose are examples of
A. double sugars
B. disaccharides
C. single sugars
D. polysaccharides
c. single sugar or monosaccharide
Disaccharide
glucose + glucose
Maltose - malt sugar
Disaccharide
galactose + glucose
Lactose - milk sugar
Disaccharide
glucose + fructose
sucrose
(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for which type of macromolecules?
A. Proteins
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Nucleic Acid
C
Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
A. Glycogen
B. Starch
C. Sucrose
D. Cellulose
C
What are used in animals as a source of quick energy that can be stored in the liver and muscles ?
A. Proteins
B. Nucleic acids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
C
Sugars, starches, and cellulose belong to which major class of biological molecules?
A. Nucleic acids
B. carbohydrates
C. lipids
D. polypeptides
B
Plants like sugar cane and sugar beets sto the energy as simple sugars. Other plants, like corn and potatoes, store the energy as more complex sugars called?
A. carbohydrates
B. calories
C. starches
D. cellulose
c
starch molecules that are linear
amylose
Triesters of glycerol and fatty acids
a. Acetyl CoA
b. pyruvate
c. Triglyceride
d. all pf the above
Triglyceride
Animal fats
glycerides
It is the process in which triglycerides are combined with a strong base to form fatty acid metal salts
Saponification
Soaps have a hydrophilic, _____ head group and a hydrophobic, ______ tail
non polar, polar
polar, non polar
ex: any non polar dirt or grease gets trapped inside the micelle molecule
Which macromolecule does not dissolve in water?
A. proteins
B. lipids
C. carbohydrates
D. nucleic acids
B
What are the naturally occuring fatty acids (6)
- Capric
- Lauric
- Myristic
- Palmitic
- Stearic
- Arachidic
“Carla, Laura, & Maria Perform Silly Antics”
What are the monomers of lipids?
A. Amino acids
B. Simple sugars
C. Fatty acids and glycerol
D. Nucleic acids
c
Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions EXCEPT:
A. membrane structural material.
B. enzyme action.
C. insulation.
D. a rich energy source
b
What type of organic substances are fats?
A. nucleic acid
B. carbohydrate
C. protein
D. lipids
d
Two types of fat
Saturated and unsaturated
Fats that have fatty acids with only single covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons are
A. saturated
B. unsaturated
C. found in plants instead of animals
D. liquid at room temperature
A
A type of fat that is solid at room temperature
a. Transfat
b. Saturated fat
c. Polyunsaturated
d. Monounsaturated
b
A type of fat that contains only ONE carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond
a. Transfat
b. Saturated fat
c. Polyunsaturated
d. Monounsaturated
d
A type of fat that has two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
a. Transfat
b. Saturated fat
c. Polyunsaturated
d. Monounsaturated
c
• Polyunsaturated fat can be split into Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids
Trans fat is artificially formed via a process called _________.
a. Glycosidic bond
b. Hydrogenation
c. Hydrolysis
d. NOTA
b
Which of the following is a polymer?
A. nucleic acid
B. fatty acid
C. Amino acid
D. Glycerol
A
Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins.
Two major classes of nucleic acids
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - ribonucleic acid
The central dogma
DNA —> mRNA —> ________
protein
It is the monomeric unit for nucleic acid
nucleotide
sugar + base
a. Nucleotide
b. Nucleoside
c. Nucleic Acid
d. NOTA
b
sugar + base + phosphate
a. Nucleotide
b. Nucleoside
c. Nucleic Acid
d. NOTA
a
Heterocyclic bases (What are the two DNA bases)
- Purine - 2 rings
- Pyrimidine - 1 ring
carbohydrate + base
a. Nucleotide
b. Nucleoside
c. Nucleic Acid
d. NOTA
b
nucleoside + phosphate
a. Nucleotide
b. Nucleoside
c. Nucleic Acid
d. NOTA
a
It is an enzyme that catalyze the phosphoryl transfer reaction from ATP to an acceptor substrate
a. Nucleotide
b. Bioenergetic
c. Kinase
d. NOTA
c.
• Kinase - attach the phosphate group from ATP
The chemical linkage between nucleotide units of nucleic acids
Phosphodiester
It specifies that the amounts of guanine and cytosine be the same. While the ratios of adenine and thiamine are the same
Chargaff’s rule
Chargaff’s rules state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases should exist
The DNA-histone assembly is called
Nucleosome
Enzyme that unknots and uncoils the DNA
a. Ligase
b. Polymerase
c. Helicase
d. Topoisomerase
d
Enzyme that unwinds the DNA
a. Ligase
b. Polymerase
c. Helicase
d. Topoisomerase
c
Enzyme that replicates DNA using each strand as a template for the newly synthesized strand
a. Ligase
b. Polymerase
c. Helicase
d. Topoisomerase
b
Enzyme that catalyzes the phosphodiester bond between pieces of DNA
a. Ligase
b. Polymerase
c. Helicase
d. Topoisomerase
a
Why is DNA Replication semi conservative
because each new strand of DNA contains one parental and daughter strand
• Parental - old, template
• Daughter - newly synthesized
The replication on this strand occurs discontinuously
leading, lagging
lagging
- replication of the lagging strand occurs discontinuosly. Short DNA fragments are initially synthesized and then ligated together.
RNA usually exist as a _____ strand.
single, double
single
Three major kinds of RNA
mRNA - messenger
rRNA - ribosomal
tRNA - transfer
Start codon
AUG - methionine
Stop codons (3)
UAA
UAG
UGA
Process by which DNA is copied with very high fidelity
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
d. NOTA
c
Process by which the DNA genetic code is read and transferred ro mRNA
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
d. NOTA
b
This is an intermediate step in protein expression
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
d. NOTA
b
The process by which the genetic code is converted to a protein (end product)
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
d. NOTA
a
RNA contains _____ and ______.
a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine
b. 2-deoxyribose, uracil
c. thymine, ribose
d. ribose, uracil
d. ribose and uracil
DNA contains _____ and ______.
a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine
b. 2-deoxyribose, uracil
c. thymine, ribose
d. ribose, uracil
a. 2-deoxyribose, thymine
This is the DNA strand being copied during transcription.
a. sense strand
b. antisense strand
c. codon
d. all of the above
b. antisense or coding strand
What are described as the “building blocks of Protein”?
A. Fiber
B. Lipids
C. Amino Acids
D. Nutrients
c
Non-polar side chains
“Grandma Always Visits London In May For Winstons Party”
- Glycine (G), Gly
- Alanine (A), Ala
- Valine (V), Val
- Leucine (L), Leu
- Isoleucine (Ile)
- Methionine (M), Met
- Phenylalanine (F), Phe
- Tryptophan (W), Trp
- Pheproline (P), Pro
Polar Side Chains
“Santas Team Crafts New Quilts Yearly”
S, serine (Ser)
T, threonine (Thr)
C, cysteine (Cys)
N, asparagine (Asn)
Q, glutamine (Gln)
Y, tyrosine (Tyr)
Electrically charged side chains
“Dragons Eat Knights Riding Horses”
Acidic:
D, aspartic acid (Asp)
E, glutamic acid (Glu)
Basic:
K, lysine (Lys)
R, arginine (Arg)
H, histidine (His)
Proteins are _______ made of amino acid _______.
A. monomers; polymers
B. polymers; polypeptides
C. polymers; monomers
D. monomers; molecules
c
In this type of structure, most of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of another peptide bond four amino acids further down the polypeptide chain:
A. Alpha-helix
B. Beta-sheet
C. Beta-turn
D. Quaternary
A
The isoelectric point of an amino acid is defined as the pH
A. where the molecule carries no electric charge
B. where the carboxyl group is uncharged
C. where the amino group is uncharged
D. of maximum electrolytic mobility
A
Amino acids exists as a _____, a dipolar ion having both a formal positive and negative charge.
a. cation
b. anion
c. zwitterion
d. isoelectric
c.
Zwitterion - have positive and negative charge. overall a neutral charge.
Amino acids are amphoteric - can reat as either an acid or a base.
Isoelectric pt - the pH at which the amino acid exists largely in a neutral, zwitterionic form
It is the separation of polar compounds based on their mobility through a solid support.
a. Electrophoresis
b. Hydrolisis
c. Epidermal Growth Factor
d. NOTA
a
“The miracle of mother’s spit”
- 53 amino acid, 3 disulfide linkages
a. Electrophoresis
b. Hydrolisis
c. Epidermal Growth Factor
d. NOTA
c
The tertiary structure of polypeptides and proteins that bundle to form elongates fibrous assemblies.
a. Globular
b. Fibrous
c. EGF
d. NOTA
b
• Globular - proteins that fold into a spherical conformation
Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions
a. Proteases
b. Lipids
c. Enzymes
d. Carbohydrates
c
• Coenzymes - additional organic molecules or metal ions that assist in the catalysis of a reaction
- also called as cofactors
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds
a. Proteases
b. Lipids
c. Enzymes
d. Carbohydrates
a
Four classes of Proteases:
1. Serine
2. Aspartyl
3. Cysteine
4. Metallo
The term SALTING refers to
A. Changes in an amino acid’s isoelectric point.
B.Increasing the solubility of a protein in solution by adding ions.
C.The use of a liquid bridge in an electrochemical cell.
D. The ionization of a strong acid.
B
The local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone atoms without regard to the conformation of its side chains can be called as
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
B
Which of the following is (are) true of B-turns in proteins?
A. It is a 180° turn of four amino acids.
B.Glycine and proline are frequently found there.
C.Are used as connecting turns of a-helix
D. All of the above.
D
The primary stabilizing force of protein secondary structure is
A. lonic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Van der Waals forces
D. Hydrogen bonds
D
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a globular protein?
A. Polypeptide chain in extended, long sheets
B. Polypeptide chains are folded in a spherical shape.
C. Contains several types of secondary structure
D. Typical for regulatory proteins.
A
The alpha helix found in myoglobin can best be described as
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Motif structure
B
Some parts of a protein that have a specific chemical structure and function are called protein
A. chemicals
B. domains
C. subunits
D. enzymes
B
If a person breathes into a paper bag, you would expect their blood CO2 to
A. decrease and their blood pH to increase
B. decrease and their blood pH to decrease
C. increase and their blood pH to increase
D. increase and their blood pH to decrease
D
The quaternary structure of a protein
A.the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
B. the coiling or folding of the polypeptide
C. the intertwining of two or more polypeptides
D.the 3-dimensional appearance of the polypeptide
C
The action of disrupting the three-dimensional shape of a protein is termed
A. dehydration
B. denaturation
C. deamination
D. hydrolysis
B
At a pH>pl of a given protein, that protein becomes __________, at the pH<pl of that same protein, it becomes __________
anion, cation
because PI is the pH at which the molecule carries no net electric charge
The imino acid found in protein structure
a. Arginine
b. Proline
c. Histidine
d. Lysin
b
The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation.
a) Hydrogen bonds
b) Peptide bonds
c) lonic bond
d) Disulfide bonds
b
Which of the following is not considered a pyrimidine?
A. C
B. T
C. U
D. G
D
• PURINE:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
• PYRIMIDINE:
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
What type of sugar is found in the nucleotides of DNA?
A. deoxyribose
B. ribose
C. glucose
D. none of the above
A
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure if DNA?
A. to code for proteins
B. to synthesize proteins
C. to separate the strands
D. to connect the base pairs
D
• To form the DNA molecule, purine bases bind to pyrimidine bases by intermolecular bonds called hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrogen bonds occur when there is hydrogen near one of these electronegative elements: oxygen or nitrogen.
Which is true about the pairing of bases in the DNA molecule?
A. purines always pair with pyrimidines
B. a single ring base pairs with another single ring base
C. a double ring base pairs with another double ring base
D. purines pair with purines and pyrimidines with pyrimidines
A
A messenger acid is 336 nucleotides long, including the initiator and termination codons. The maximum number of amino acids in the protein translated from this mRNA IS:
A 999
B 630
C 330
D 111
E 110
D
What is the function of enzymes within living systems?
A) structural elements
B) neurotransmitters
C) catalysts
D) hormones
C
Any molecule that can be converted to pyruvate is considered
glucogenic
ex: glycerol, lactate, alanine
Discovered catalytic conversion of glycogen
Carl and Gerty Cori
Overall efficiency of cellular respiration
a. 39%
b. 69%
c. 49%
d. 29%
39%
- remaining 69% is used to produce heat
Where nucleogenesis, electron transport, krebs cycle occurs
a. Cytoplasm
b. Mitochondria
c. Cell
d. NOTA
Mitochondria
Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm
Breaking down of molecules
a. Catabolism
b. Anabolism
c. Metabolism
d. NOTA
a
• Anabolism - building up of molecules
- come from our food
• Metabolism - The chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
Phases of cellular respiration
- Glycolysis - breakdown of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate
- Preparatory Rxn - pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA (occurs twice bc there is 2 pyruvates)
- Citric Acid Cycle - the acetyl CoA is converted to citric acid (occurs twice bc there is 2 acetyl CoA)
- Electrin Transport Chain - 32-34 ATP per glucose can be produced
If NO OXYGEN:
In animals: pyruvate —> lactate
Plants: pyruvate —> Alcohol + CO2 (Fermentation)
Fermentation: 2 ATP
Lactate - toxic to muscles
provides a rapid bursts of ATP
These are the most abundant organic molecules in living cells
a. proteins
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. fats
a
Type of bacteria that are considered to be ancient organisms such as methanos halobacteria and thermoacidophiles
a. archaebacteria
b. eubacteria
c. bacteriophage
d. virus
a
Which of the following is not a steroid?
a. sex hormones
b. cholesterol
c. adrenocortical hormones
d. prostaglandin
d
Bacteria which convert alcoholic solution to vinegar are
a. coli
b. acetobacters
c. bacilli
d. proteins
b
• Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms
• Acetobacter the main species responsible for the production of vinegar
• Bacillus (Latin “stick”) is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria.
The biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul smelling products in an anaerobic condition is
a. pollution
b. putrefaction
c. dissolution
d. stabilization
b
• Putrefaction - decomposition of organic matter with foul smell
A waste treatment process by which biologically active growths are continuously circulated with incoming biodegradable waste in the presence of oxygen is
a. activated sludge process
b. stabilization process
c. agitation process
d. trickling filter process
a
The temperature at which a microorganism is killed within a period of 10 minutes.
a. SCP
b. TDP
c. TDT
d. ATP
b
A visible concentrated growth of algae or other aquatic life/plants is called
a. phytoplankton
b. amoeba
c. bloom
d. zoo plankton
c
This is the early period of growth where the organism adjusts to its new environment
a. stationary phase
b. logarithmic phase
c. lag phase
d. decline phase
c
Bacterial growth:
- Lag phase - take some time to adapt to the new environment. In this phase, the bacteria does not reproduce but prepares itself for reproduction
- Log phase - also known as the exponential phase. This phase is marked by the doubling of the bacterial cells
- Stationary phase - the rate of growth of the cells becomes equal to its rate of death.
- Death phase - At this stage, the rate of death is greater than the rate of formation of new cells.
Genetic information is stored in the structure of the DNA molecule. Which of the following obtains the code for protein synthesis from DNA and serves as the template for peptide formation?
a. transfer RNA
b. messenger RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
d. colon
b
The enzyme in the stomach is
a. urease
b. papase
c. pepsin
d. bromelis
c
The organism that reproduces by sporulation is
a. bacteria
b. molds
c. protozoa
d. yeast
b
Organism that grows or uses CO2 as its principal carbon source.
a. autotroph
b. aerobe
c. mesophile
d. heterotroph
a
Bacteria which grow over the temperature range of 30°C to 40°C are called
a. psychrophiles
b. hydrophiles
c. mesophiles
d. thermophiles
c
Group of microorganisms that grow in the presence of low oxygen concentration are
a. pathogens
b. bacteria
c. fungi
d. microaerophiles
d
These are very small bound particles that release digestive enzymes and contribute the digestion of nutrients in a cell
a. Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Golgi Bodies
c. Lysosomes
d. Mitochondria
c
Lysosome : contains digestive enzymes
Endoplasmic Reticulum : serves as calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Golgi body : transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid
Method used to free milk from disease or germs
a. Lyophitization
b. Pasteurisation
c. Fermentation
d. Putrefication
b
The microorganism utilized in the production of pickles is
a. acetobacter
b. lactic acid bacteria
c. streptomyces griseus
d. aspergillus sojae
b
The color of fruit like papaya is attributed to a pigment which is a precursor of Vitamin A. This substance is
a. lecithin
b. carotene
c. lipoprotein
d. riboflavin
b
• Lecithin
- The body uses lecithin in the metabolic process and to move fats. Lecithins turn into choline in the body. They help make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Lecithin is commonly used as a food additive to emulsify foods.
• Riboflavin
- Riboflavin is a BRIGHT YELLOW nature-identical color, often referred to as Vitamin B2
- is a key component of coenzymes involved with the growth of cells, energy production, and the breakdown of fats, steroids, and medications
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism is called
a. bile
b. insulin
c. alanine
d. cortisol
b
pancreas : insulin
liver : bile
adrenal gland : cortisol
• Bile
- is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
- helps with digestion.
- It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
- Mostly cholesterol
• Alanine
- is an amino acid that is used to make proteins.
• Cortisol
- primary stress hormone
- a steroid hormone that is produced by your 2 adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. When you are stressed, increased cortisol is released into your bloodstream
The disaccharide formed by B-glycosidic bond is
a. sucrose
b. lactose
c. maltose
d. glucose
b
D-galactose + D-glucose
— joined by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond
The only source that naturally contains vitamin D
a. Sunlight
b. Meat
c. Fish Oil
d. Orange
c
Which of the following vitamins is water-soluble?
a. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin E
a
Plants that are devoid of chlorophyll and are therefore unable to synthesize their own food.
a. fungi
b. bacteria
c. virus
d. none of these
a
The fundamental cause of sickle-cell disease is a change in the structure of
a. red cells
b. hemoglobin
c. capillaries
d. blood
b
It is the major form of stored carbohydrate in animals.
a. glycogen
b. starch
c. amylose
d. amylopectin
a
Which of the following is a saturated fatty acid?
a. oleic acid
b. linoleic acid
c. arachidonic acid
d. palmitic acid
d
A measure of the degree of unsaturation of a fatty acid
a. Acid Number
b. Iodine Number
c. Saponification number
d. Deborah number
b
These are DNA or RNA coated protein that may or may not be considered as living things.
a. protozoa
b. bacteria
c. algae
d. virus
d
Non-photosynthetic eucaryotes, highly organized with soil as its major habitat
a. fungi
b. virus
c. protozoa
d. bacteria
c
what are the two most important elements for the growth of marine algae?
N and P
