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biochem Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic compounds are all

A

carbon based

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2
Q

inorganic

A

are non living matter that lack carbon

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3
Q

hydrocarbons are made up of:

A

hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

the polarity of hydrocarbons is:

A

non-poplar, meaning they do not dissolve in water.

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5
Q

the boiling point of hydrocarbons is:

A

low

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6
Q

hydrocarbons are good fuels;

A

this makes them very flammable.

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7
Q

a functional group is:

A

a cluster of atoms that always behaves in a certain way.

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8
Q

certain functional groups are associated with:

A

certain chemical properties.

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9
Q

what are the seven functional groups?

A

hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carbonyl, ketone

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10
Q

where is hydroxyl found in?

A

alcohol

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11
Q

give an example of an alcohol.

A

ethanol

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12
Q

carboxyl is found in:

A

acids

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13
Q

an example of an acid is:

A

vinegar

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14
Q

amino is found in:

A

bases

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15
Q

an example of a base is:

A

ammonia

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16
Q

sulfhydryl is found in:

A

rubber and proteins

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17
Q

phosphate is found in:

A

ATP and nucleic acids

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18
Q

carbonyls have two groups. they are:

A

aldehydes and ketone.

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19
Q

aldehydes are found in:

A

formaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon bark)

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20
Q

ketone is found in:

A

proteins and lipids.

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21
Q

biological molecules are made up of:

A

a hydrogen chain and a functional group

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22
Q

functional groups are more what than hydrocarbon?

A

reactive

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23
Q

amino acids contain:

A

an amino and carboxyl group, used to build proteins

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24
Q

carboxyl group makes a molecule:

A

acidic

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25
Q

amino group makes a molecule

A

basic

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26
Q

an acid is:

A

a molecule that donates a proton

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27
Q

a base is:

A

a molecule that receives a proton

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28
Q

pH of base/acid:

A

acid: -7 // base: +7

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29
Q

a covalent bond happens between:

A

two non metals

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30
Q

an ionic bond happens between:

A

a metal/semi-metal and a non metal

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31
Q

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon are all:

A

non metals

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32
Q

to figure out if a molecule is capable of forming hydrogen bonds:

A

make sure it is polar. if it contains OH or NH, it is capable of forming hydrogen bonds.

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33
Q

what are the four classes of biologically important molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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34
Q

example of carbohydrate:

A

starch

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35
Q

example of lipids:

A

triglycerides

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36
Q

example of proteins:

A

enzymes

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37
Q

example of nucleic acids:

A

DNA

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38
Q

define macromolecule:

A

large molecules made up of repeating sub-units that are covalently linked.

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39
Q

what are polymers made out of?

A

repeating smaller molecules called monomers

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40
Q

main purpose of carbohydrates:

A

to store energy

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41
Q

carbohydrates are macromolecules made up of:

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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42
Q

what’s the ratio for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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43
Q

(CH2O)n; what is n?

A

the number of carbon atoms

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44
Q

the four groups carbohydrates are classified in are:

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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45
Q

monosaccharide:

A

simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms

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46
Q

simple sugars have:

A

a single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached.

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47
Q

disaccharide:

A

two monosaccharides

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48
Q

oligosaccharide:

A

3-10 monosaccharides

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49
Q

polysaccharide:

A

10+ monosaccharides

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50
Q

isomers are:

A

molecules with the same number and type of atoms in different structural arrangements.

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51
Q

two things glucose, fructose, and galactose have in common:

A
  • monomers
  • isomers
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52
Q

is fructose or glucose sweeter?

A

fructose

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53
Q

define glycosidic linkage:

A

the covalent bonds formed between the hydroxyl groups on the monosaccharides in a dissacharide.

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54
Q

glycosidic linkages are a result of:

A

condensation/dehydration reactions

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55
Q

lipids are made out of:

A

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms

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56
Q

lipids are:

A

hydrophobic; insoluble in water but soluble in non polar substances.

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57
Q

two things lipids do:

A

store energy and build membranes/cell parts

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58
Q

do lipids or carbohydrates store more energy?

A

lipids provide more than double the energy per gram that carbs do

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59
Q

lipids provide long term energy; what does that mean in relation to carbs?

A

they’re processed by the body after carbohydrate stores have been used up.

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60
Q

other two things lipids do:

A

insulate against heat loss and form protective cushions around major organs

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61
Q

they help make fur, feathers, and leaves:

A

water repelling (hydrophobic?)

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62
Q

three major groups of lipids:

A
  • oils, fats, waxes
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
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63
Q

triglycerides are composed of:

A

one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds

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64
Q

an ester bond is:

A

a double bond between an oxygen atom and another atom.

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65
Q

a fatty acid is a:

A

hydrocarbon chain that ends with a carboxyl group

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66
Q

a saturated fatty acid:

A

has no double bonds between carbon atoms (only single bonds)

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67
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid:

A

has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

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68
Q

how are the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids formed?

A

by removing hydrogen atoms.

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69
Q

monosaturated means:

A

the unsaturated fatty acid has only one double bond

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70
Q

polyunsaturated means:

A

the unsaturated fatty acid has more than one double bond between carbon atoms.

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71
Q

unsaturated double bonds between carbon atoms create a:

A

kink in the chain

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72
Q

unsaturated fatty acids do not fit closely together. this makes them:

A

liquid at room temperature

73
Q

saturated fatty acids are:

A

solid at room temperate

74
Q

unsaturated fatty acids do not fit closely together. this makes them:

A

liquid at room temperature

75
Q

saturated fatty acids are:

A

solid at room temperate

76
Q

hydrogenation means:

A

chemically adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to make saturated fats (margarine)

77
Q

three examples of polysaccharides:

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

78
Q

starch is used for:

A

storage in plants

79
Q

extra glucose turns into:

A

glycogen in animals

80
Q

starch and glycogen’s structure differs in the number and type of:

A

branching side chains

81
Q

why is glycogen broken down more easily than starch?

A

because it has more branches attached to it (more surface area)

82
Q

cellulose function:

A

provide structural support in plant cell walls

83
Q

alpha vs beta glucose:

A

hydroxyl (1) UP in ALPHA, hydroxyl (1) DOWN in BETA

84
Q

alpha and beta glucose in human digestion:

A

can digest alpha glucose, can’t digest beta glucose

85
Q

cholesterol is what and produced where?

A

a lipid, produced in the liver

86
Q

cholesterol increases:

A

membrane fluidity

87
Q

body produces x% of needed cholesterol:

A

80%

88
Q

excess cholesterol can cause:

A

heart disease

89
Q

what is heart disease?

A

the hardening of the arteries

90
Q

lipoproteins:

A

transport cholesterol and undigested trans fats through the body in the bloodstream.

91
Q

HDL and LDL:

A

HDL: high density lipoprotein
- cleans up LDL
- the ‘good’ cholesterol
LDL: low density lipoprotein
- clogs up arteries (the one that gets stuck)
- the ‘bad’ cholesterol

92
Q

example of a wax:

A

cutin (plants), beeswax (in honeycombs)

93
Q

structure of a phospholipid:

A

one glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group (a triglyceride but with a phosphate group replacing the third fatty acid)

94
Q

phosphate head vs tail:

A

head is hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic

95
Q

micelles are:

A

spheres that form when phospholipids are added to water

96
Q

steroid composition:

A

four carbon rings attached to each other

97
Q

examples of steroids:

A

tetosterone, estrogen

98
Q

sterols are:

A

a lipid subgroup of steroids; a hydrophobic molecule containing 4 fused hydrocarbon rings w different functional groups attached

99
Q

testosterone:

A

regulates sexual function and aids in building bone and muscle mass

100
Q

estrogen:

A

regulates sexual function in females and acts to increase the storage of fat

101
Q

cholesterol:

A

made by mammals (can also enter body as part of a diet)

102
Q

cholesterol can be converted into (two examples):

A

vitamin D and bile salts

103
Q

vitamin D is:

A

used for bones and teeth

104
Q

bile salts are:

A

used to digest fats

105
Q

in medicine, steroids are used to:

A

reduce inflammation

106
Q

anabolic steroids are:

A

synthetic compounds that mimic male sex hormones (can be used to build muscle mass)

107
Q

cis vs trans double bonds:

A

cis double bonds: hydrogen atoms on SAME SIDE
trans double bonds: hydrogen atoms on OPPOSING SIDES

108
Q

cis double bonds make fats:

A

liquid at room temperature

109
Q

why do fats go rancid?

A

oxidization of fats breaks the long chains into shorter chains

110
Q

partial hydrogenation:

A

when hydrogen is added to double bonds, which become single songs. PT means only some of the double bonds have hydrogen added to them.

111
Q

how to make trans fats:

A

all the cis double bonds that are not hydrogenated in the process of partial hydrogenation become trans.

112
Q

manufacturers liked trans fats because:

A
  • lasted longer
  • convenient semi-solid property
  • thought to be as healthy as the unsaturated fats they were made from until recently
113
Q

proteins are found:

A

in over 50% of dry cell mass

114
Q

proteins are made of:

A

amino acids

115
Q

formula for an amino acid:

A

carbon bonded to an amino group + carboxyl group + r group + hydrogen

116
Q

x many amino acids:

A

twenty different ones

117
Q

amino acids are AMPHIPROTIC:

A

can donate or accept a proton (contains both base and acid)

118
Q

cation:

A

ion with positive charge (loses one or more electrons)

119
Q

anion:

A

ion with negative charge (gains one or more electrons)

120
Q

polypeptides are:

A

polymers composed of many amino acids

121
Q

amino acids are held together by:

A

peptide bonds

122
Q

peptide bonds result from:

A

a condensation reaction between the carboxyl and amino groups of the amino acids

123
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

124
Q

polypeptide groups always have:

A

an amino group on one end (a-terminus) and a carboxyl group on the other (c-terminus)

125
Q

a proteins final shape is determined by:

A

the amino acid sequence

126
Q

intramolecular forces occur:

A

between atoms within a molecule

127
Q

an atom’s electronegativity determines:

A

how strongly it attracts electrons

128
Q

oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine have:

A

high electronegativity

129
Q

hydrogen, carbon, and phosphorus have:

A

low(er) electronegativity

130
Q

O-H are:

A

polar covalent

131
Q

intermolecular forces occur:

A

between different molecules

132
Q

are inter or intra molecular forces stronger?

A

intra

133
Q

hydrogen bonds are x than ionic and covalent bonds

A

weaker

134
Q

water is essential for life:

A
  • photosynthesis
  • thermoregulation
  • shock absorber
  • medium
135
Q

qualities of water:

A

colorless, odorless, mostly tasteless

136
Q

three types of intermolecular bonding:

A
  • london dispersion force
  • dipole-dipole
  • hydrogen bonding
137
Q

miscible:

A

liquids dissolve into one another

138
Q

immiscible:

A

liquids do not dissolve into one another

139
Q

h-bonds lock into x in the solid state:

A

lattice structure

140
Q

cohesion:

A

water molecules hydrogen bonding with each other

141
Q

adhesion:

A

water molecules hydrogen bonding with other materials

142
Q

the four levels of protein organization are:

A

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

143
Q

describe primary structure:

A

a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. determined by genes in DNA.

144
Q

an example of primary structure:

A

sickle cell anemia

145
Q

describe secondary structure:

A

alpha helix OR beta pleated sheet, formed via hydrogen bonds between polar peptide bonds in neighboring amino acids

146
Q

describe tertiary structure:

A

supercoiling of polypeptide chains stabilized by R group interactions and disulfide bridges.

147
Q

tertiary structures are primarily a result of:

A

hydrophobic forces, as the cell is aqueous

148
Q

a disulfide bridge is:

A

the covalent links between two sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids

149
Q

describe quaternary structure:

A

when two or more polypeptide subunits form a functional protein

150
Q

denaturation is:

A

the process in which proteins unravel.

151
Q

denaturation can be caused by:

A

exposure to different conditions from those in which they were produced (change in temperature, pH, aqueous environment, etc)

152
Q

a denatured protein CANNOT:

A

perform its biological function

153
Q

relationship between tertiary structure and heat:

A

heat can disrupt H-bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions that keep tertiary structure.

154
Q

nucleic acids store:

A

hereditary information

155
Q

hereditary information determines:

A

structural and functional characteristics

156
Q

DNA:

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; contains instructions for creating an organism

157
Q

RNA:

A

ribonucleic acid, reads the information in the DNA

158
Q

DNA and RNA are made up of:

A

polymers made of thousands of repeating nucleotide monomers

159
Q

a nucleotide is:

A

a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group

160
Q

a nucleoside is:

A

a compound commonly found in DNA and RNA

161
Q

london dispersion bonding is:

A

a temporary attractive force that occurs when electrons in two adjacent toms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles (weakest of the intra molecular forces)

162
Q

dipoles are:

A

a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance

163
Q

dipole dipole forces are:

A

attractive forces between the oppositely charged ends of polar molecules

164
Q

a nucleotide is made out of:

A

a phosphate group
a nitrogen-containing base
a five carbon sugar
all are covalently bonded together

165
Q

DNA contains X sugar:

A

deoxyribose sugar; lacks an oxygen at carbon 2 (carbon 2 connected to two hydrogen atoms)

166
Q

RNA contains X sugar:

A

ribose sugar (carbon two connected to a hydrogen atom facing inward and a hydroxyl group)

167
Q

there are x number of y based bases:

A

there are five nitrogen based bases.

168
Q

the bases are seperated into:

A

purines and pyrimidines

169
Q

purines are x size and are:

A

purines are LARGE (double ring)
adenine
guanine

170
Q

pyrimidines are x size and are:

A

pyrimidines are SMALL (single ring)
cytosine
thymine
uracil

171
Q

adjacent nucleotides are held together:

A

by a covalent bond that forms between the hydroxyl group on one nucleotide and the phosphate group on the other (condensation reaction)

172
Q

a phosphodiester bond/linkage is:

A

the force that holds adjacent nucleotides together.

173
Q

the backbone of a nucleic strand:

A

alternates phosphates and sugars

174
Q

the nitrogenous bases are:

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

175
Q

the two pairs in DNA are:

A

adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine

176
Q

the two pairs in RNA are:

A

adenine and uracil
guanine and cytosine

177
Q

structure of DNA:

A

a double helix that resembles a ladder when unwound

178
Q

rungs of DNA ladder are made up of:

A

complementary base pairs held together by hydrogen bonds

179
Q

structure of RNA:

A

singled stranded and therefore lacks complementary base pairing

grade 12 bio (4 decks)

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