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BIOCHE > BIOCHE QUIZ > Flashcards

BIOCHE QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of reactions require a suitable
substrate and operating
conditions such as
temperature, pH, etc.

A

Enzymatic reactions

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2
Q

In enzymatic reactions, what does an enzyme require?

A

a suitable substrate
suitable operating conditions such as (pH and Temperature)

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3
Q

Living cells require _____ and different operational parameters (5) for growth and product formation

A

Proper medium
pH
Temperature
CO2
O2
Humidity

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4
Q

The liquid medium contains the
following ingredients

A

Carbon Source
Nitrogen Source
Minerals and Vitamins

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5
Q

used for cell growth, product formation,
energy source, and maintenance

A

Carbon Source

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6
Q

mostly contributes to the growth of cells

A

Nitrogen Source

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7
Q

mostly used as cofactors in the
metabolic pathways of living cells

A

Mineral and Vitamins

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8
Q

Cell growth is monitored in two ways:

A

number of viable cells/volume or mass of cells/volume

mass/volume

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8
Q

the mass of living cells is
proportional to the number of cells

A

Unicellular organisms

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8
Q

the size and density of the
cells are not necessarily proportional to their numbers

A

Mold growth

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9
Q

The concentration of the cells may be expressed in either the number
of viable cells/volume or the mass of cells/volume.

A

Unicellular organisms

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9
Q

Processes associated with cell
growth

A
  1. Utilization of Materials from the medium by the cells
  2. Generation of metabolic end products in the medium
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9
Q

The concentration of mold-like cells is expressed only in the
mass/volume.

A

Mold growth

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9
Q

Kinetics of the Biochemical processes involved for cell growth and metabolism

A

Medium Environment
Cell Population

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10
Q

Under Medium environment

A

Multicomponent
Reactions in Solution
Acid-base equilibria
Variable pH and Temperature
Changing rheological properties (density and viscosity)
Multiphase

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11
Q

Under Cell population

A

Cell to cell heterogeneity
Chain reactions
Internal Control
Adaptability
Stochastic
Genetic change

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11
Q

T/F: It is impractical to consider a kinetic model that has all the features mentioned.

A

T

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12
Q

Approximations to develop a useful representation of cell growth kinetics

A

concentration of all components
present in the medium is sufficiently high and the rate of
reaction depends on the concentration of that
component only

process parameters are regulated by controlling
the environmental parameters such as pH, temperature,
and dissolved oxygen concentration

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13
Q

It is necessary to simplify the model with
some _______ and develop a useful
representation of cell growth kinetics.

A

approximation

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14
Q

Example of a component that must be sufficiently high since the rate of reaction depends on its concentration

A

rate-limiting substrate

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15
Q

Who classified the
microbial systems according to
the number of components
used in the cellular
representation

A

Arnold Fredrickson and Henry
Tsuchiya

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16
Q

usually deals with the
kinetics of the change in
individual components
present in the cells

A

Structured model

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17
Q

Examples of Structured model

A

RNA, DNA, proteins

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18
Q

considered a single component system assuming
the kinetic changes of all
components is same.

A

Unstructured

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19
Q

the kinetics of individual
cells is taken into
consideration separately

A

Segregated model

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20
Q

the growth
characteristics of individual
cells are assumed to be the
same.

A

Unsegregated

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21
Q

When cell growth kinetics is assumed to be unsegregated, unstructured models, it is?

A

Ideal

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22
Q

the reaction mixture usually
consists of a substrate, and enzyme, and a cofactor

A

Enzymatic reaction

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23
Q

The reaction normally takes place at a particular temperature
and pH.

A

Enzymatic reaction

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24
Q

The substrate is specific with respect to the enzyme

A

Enzymatic reaction

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25
Q

one substrate (carbon source)
present in the medium can produce different products with
the help of different microorganisms

A

Microbial reaction

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26
Q

In special cases, the same microorganism can produce
different products from the same substrate

A

Microbial reaction

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27
Q

produces citric acid when the pH is allowed to change
during the fermentation process

A

Aspergillus niger

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28
Q

Aspergillus niger produces ____ when the pH is controlled at 6.0

A

gluconic
acid

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29
Q

Usually globular proteins with an active site that catalyzes a specific reaction

A

Enzymatic reactions

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30
Q

Each enzyme require a specific substrate

A

Enzymatic reactions

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31
Q

Phases of Bacteria Growth cycle

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary Phase
Death phase

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32
Q

Also called acclimitization phase

A

Lag phase

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33
Q

Individual bacteria becomes mature
and cannot divide

A

Lag phase

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34
Q

RNA, enzymes, and other molecules
undergo syntheses.

A

Lag Phase

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35
Q

This phase can last from one hour to
several days

A

Lag Phase

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36
Q

Cells are active

A

Log Phase

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37
Q

plays an
important role in the fermentation
process.

A

Age of inoculums

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37
Q

The age of inoculums plays an
important role in the fermentation
process.

A

Log phase

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38
Q

The number of new bacteria produced
per unit time is proportional to the
present population

A

Log Phase

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39
Q

A substance used for inoculation or the introduction of pathogens or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

A

Inoculum

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40
Q

Where are the most suitable phases for fermentation?

A

Mid-lag phase
Late-log phase

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41
Q

A straight line will be obtained by

A

Log of cell mass (X) against
Time

42
Q

Slope of ln X Vs Time gives

A

specific growth rate (ug)

43
Q

Measure of the number of divisions per cell unit time in the case of unicellular cells

A

Specific growth rate

44
Q

The rate of microbial growth is characterized by?

A

Specific growth rate

45
Q

Is the difference between the gross specific growth rate and rate of cell death

A

u net

46
Q

Is also called starvation phase

A

Stationary phase

47
Q

Characterized by depletion of essential nutrient or formation of inhibitory products like organic acids

A

Stationary phase

48
Q

Rate of cell growth= rate of cell death

A

Stationary phase

49
Q

Mutations can occur

A

Stationary phase

50
Q

Secondary metabolites are formed

A

Stationary phase

51
Q

Secondary metabolites are formed

A

Stationary phase

52
Q

Death of bacteria mostly due to

A

Lack of nutrients
Environmental temperature above or below the tolerance limits for the species
Other injurious conditions

53
Q

Three processes for microbial fermentation

A

Batch
Fed batch
Continuous

54
Q

It is difficult to obtain useful kinetic information on microbial populations from reactors in nonuniform condition T/F

A

T

55
Q

Where does the study of kinetics is necessarily done?

A

Well-mixed reactors

56
Q

Where should the detailed analysis of cell growth kinetics be performed?

A

Batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors

57
Q

Several biochemical processes are carried out to study cell growth in ?

A

Batch process

58
Q

Generally prepared by using seed culture in a liquid medium

A

Inoculum

59
Q

The concentrations of nutrients, cells, and products vary with time as cell growth takes place

A

Batch reactor

60
Q

Microbial biomass and product formation can be represented by

A

Substrate+Microbial cells = Extracellular Products + More Microbial cells

61
Q

The rate of formation depends on

A

Characteristics of the cell population (composition, morphology and age distribution)
All environmental parameters that influence the rate of reactions in the cells and the medium

62
Q

Growth achieves it’s maximum rate

A

Log phase

63
Q

Growth ceases due to starvation

A

Stationary phase

64
Q

Cell losses viability and lyse

A

Death phase

65
Q

SGR of Lag phase

A

0

66
Q

SGR of Log

A

Maximum

67
Q

SGR of Stationary phase

A

0

68
Q

SGR of death phase

A

Less than 0

69
Q

What can be developed in the case of batch process

A

Bacterial cell growth cycle

70
Q

Batch process is an _____ operation

A

Unsteady state

71
Q

Operation where the concentration of cell mass and substrate change with time

A

Unsteady state

72
Q

What growth stated that The log phase remains approximately constant approaches maximum specific growth rate?

A

Batch growth

73
Q

Time required for doubling the microbial mass

A

Doubling timd

74
Q

Time required between cell divisions

A

Generation time

75
Q

Like specific growth rate, these 2 can be expressed as is

A

Specific substrate consumption rate and specific product formation rate

76
Q

Describes cell growth model like Michaelis -Menten Equation, which describes enzymatic reaction

A

Jacques Monod

77
Q

This equation is considered an ideal equation like unstructured, unsegregated model

A

Jacques Monod

78
Q

Limitations of Monod Model

A

When limiting substrate concentration approaches infinity, the specific growth rate approaches maximum

Specific growth rate is finite when limiting substrate concentration is finite

Does not explain what will happen when limiting substrate concentration approaches zero

Does not take care of cell death

Not applicable in the case of substrate and product inhibitions

79
Q

Other substrate -limited growth models as alternative to Monod equation

A

Blackman Equation
Tessier Equation
Moser Equation
Contois Equation

80
Q

Very much resembles Monod equation where saturation constant depends on the cell mass concentration

A

Contois Equation

81
Q

Types of inhibitions

A

Substrate inhibition
Product inhibition
Inhibition by Toxic compounds

82
Q

T/F: the inhibition pattern of microbial growth is analogous to the inhibition of enzymatic reaction

A

T

83
Q

In cell growth inhibition the kinetic constants are obtained from Experimental data by?

A

curve fitting

84
Q

At high substrate concentrations, the microbial growth rate is inhibited by the higher substrate concentration

A

Substrate inhibition

85
Q

May be alleviated by a slow, intermittent addition of substrate to the growth medium

A

Substrate inhibition

86
Q

The substrate inhibition for cell growth may either be ___ and ____

A

Competitive or non-competitive

87
Q

High product concentration can be inhibitory for microbial grot

A

Product inhibition

88
Q

T/F: product inhibition could also be competitive or non-competitive

A

T

89
Q

Analogous to enzyme inhibition

A

Toxic compound inhibition

90
Q

Has competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibition

A

Toxic compound inhibition

91
Q

Characterizes cell growth in terms of carrying capacity that can be obtained

A

Logistic equation

92
Q

It does not consist of Substrate concentration

A

Logistic equation

93
Q

Independent of substrate

A

Logistic equation

94
Q

Only related to biomass concentration

A

Logistic equation

95
Q

Cell growth is directly proportional to biomass concentration and the carrying capacity

A

Logistic equation

96
Q

Is related to biomass concentration and limiting substrate concentration

A

Monod equation

97
Q

Does not consider more than one growth - limiting substrate concentration

A

Monod equation

98
Q

Forms microbial pellets at high cell densities in suspension culture

A

Filamentous organisms like mold

99
Q

Cells growing inside pellets are subjected to

A

Diffusional limitations

100
Q

In the absence of ____, the radius of pellet in the submerged culture ________ with time

A

Mass transfer, increases linearly

101
Q

Considered to correlate the rate of product formation other than cell mass with cell growth rate

A

Luedeking-Piret model

102
Q

It combines growth associated and non growth associated product formation

A

Luedeking-Piret model

103
Q

If alpha is equal to zero

A

Product is non-growth associated

104
Q

If beta is equal to zero

A

Product growth is associated

105
Q

If alpha and beta are not equal to zero

A

Mixed growth associated

106
Q

Examples of growth associated products

A

Ethanol and enzymes

107
Q

Examples of non-growth associated

A

Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin

108
Q

Example of mixed-associated

A

Lactic acid fermentation

109
Q

In this, A part of the substrate contributes to cell maintenance

A

Cell growth

110
Q

Deals with maintenance of cells

A

Pirt model

111
Q

Deals with maintenance of cells

A

Pirt model

BIOCHE (4 decks)

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