bio_9 cardiovascular and immune systems

Question 1

what allows the adaptive immune system to be highly specific?

Answer 1

variation in antigen binding sites

Question 2

six ways of antibody-mediation protection

Answer 2

1. neutralization
2. blocking
3. opsonization
4. ADCC
5. agglutination
6. complement cascade

Question 3

types of immunity

Answer 3

innate and adaptive

Question 4

innate immunity

Answer 4

nonspecific defense mechanisms against most pathogens you were born with

Question 5

adaptive immunity types

Answer 5

cellular and humoral

Question 6

adaptive immunity-cellular

Answer 6

cell-mediated (T cells)

Question 7

adaptive immunity-humoral

Answer 7

antibody-mediated (B cells and antibodies)

Question 8

cell mediated and antibody mediated

Answer 8

pathogen-specific defense mechanisms that develop after an exposure to a certain pathogen

Question 9

the complement cascade involves

Answer 9

activation and response

Question 10

activation of the complement cascade involves

Answer 10

classic, lectin, and alternative

Question 11

classic activation

Answer 11

IgM/IgG bind pathogen

Question 12

lectin activation

Answer 12

Lectin binds specific carbohydrate

Question 13

alternative activation

Answer 13

direct activation by PAMPs

Question 14

the complement cascade response involves

Answer 14

inflammation, opsonization, MAC formation

Question 15

inflammation response

Answer 15

zymogens stimulate phagocytes and cause inflammation

Question 16

opsonization response

Answer 16

complements bind to pathogens and mark for degradation

Question 17

MAC formation response

Answer 17

membrane attack complex perforates and destroys pathogen cell

Question 18

inflammation

Answer 18

vasodilation, migration of granulocytes and monocytes, increased capillary permeability (diapedesis)

Question 19

clotting step 1

Answer 19

prothrombin activator to prothrombin

Question 20

clotting step 2

Answer 20

prothrombin to thrombin

Question 21

clotting step 3

Answer 21

thrombin to fibrinogen (soluble) to fibrin (insoluble)

Question 22

clotting goes from

Answer 22

platelet plug to fibrin strands and thrombus

Question 23

hemostasis

Answer 23

vascular constriction
-local myogenic muscle spasm
-endothelins/TXA/etc. (paracrine hormones)
-autonomic nervous system (further spasm)

Question 24

3 types of innate immunity

Answer 24

physical barriers, chemical mechanisms, cellular mechanisms

Question 25

innate immunity-physical barriers

Answer 25

blood clotting, hair, skin, ear wax, coughing

Question 26

innate immunity-chemical mechanisms

Answer 26

stomach acid and enzymes

Question 27

innate immunity-cellular mechanisms

Answer 27

phagocytic and cytotoxic attacks

Question 28

enemies of the immune system

Answer 28

toxins injury pathogens -parasites -bacteria -viruses

Question 29

activation of T-cells

Answer 29

signal 1: activation of naive T cell signal 2: costimulation signal 3: release of cytokines

Question 30

professional APC (antigen presenting cell)

Answer 30

phagocytizing an antigen

Question 31

activated professional APC (antigen presenting cell)

Answer 31

presenting peptides from a processed antigen and releasing cytokines