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bio_1010_Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Integument

A

Skin/Necessary Organs

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2
Q

Main Function of the Skin

A

Protection

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3
Q

3 Regions/Layers of Skin

A
  1. Epidermis 2. Dermis3. Subcutaneous Layer
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4
Q

Outermost Layer of Epidermis that has flattened dead cells

A

Stratum Corneum

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5
Q

Innermost layer of Epidermis that had melanocytes

A

Stratum Basale

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6
Q

Contains Collagen, Elastic Fibers, Blood/Lymph Vessels, Glands, Nerves

A

Dermis

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7
Q

Innermost layer of skin that Contains loose connective + fat tissue used for energy/thermally insulate

A

Subcutaneous Layer

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8
Q

4 Skin Accesory Organs

A

Nails, Hair Follicles, Oil and Sweat Glands

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9
Q

Only found in Epidermis, protective covering of distal end of fingers/toes

A

Nails

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10
Q

Visual Portion of nail

A

Nail Body

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11
Q

Fold of skin that hides nail root

A

Cuticle

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12
Q

Half moon shaped whitish color at bottom of nail, due to thicker layer of cells in this region

A

Lunula

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13
Q

Primarily found in epidermis, but extends into dermis

A

Hair Follicles

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14
Q

Contains epidermal cells, embedded in dermis

A

Hair Root

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15
Q

Attached to hair follicles, causes the “goosebumps”

A

Arrector Pili muscle

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16
Q

Primarily found in epidermis, but extends to dermis AKA sebaceous glands, contains secrete oil (sebum) that lubricates hair/skin

A

Oil glands

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17
Q

AKA Sudoriferous Glands, coiled tubule within dermis

A

Sweat Glands

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18
Q

Skin Characteristics

A

Dry, Midly Acidic, Presence of dead cells, good bacteria

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19
Q

Infections are due to…

A

Pathogens

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20
Q

Inflammation of skin due to allergies/irritating chemicals

A

Dermatitis

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21
Q

Skin proliferation/growths due to HPV

A

Warts

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22
Q

Gets worse due to increased sebum around puberty, results in pimples (white blood cells cause the pus)

A

Acne

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23
Q

Made some of the earliest microscopes

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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24
Q

Confirmed Leeuwenhooks findings, first to term the word “cell”

A

Robert Hooke

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25
Q

Cell Theory States 2 things:

A
  1. All organisms are made of basic living units (cells)2. All cells come from previously existing cells
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26
Q

2 Types of Cells

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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27
Q

Prokaryotic Cell qualities

A

Lack membrane bound nucleus (include bacteria and archaea)

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28
Q

Eukaryotic Cells Qualitues

A

Membrane bound nuclei that contain genetic info (include plants, fungi, animals, protists) Can contain cell wall (not animals or certain protists)

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29
Q

All cells are surrounded by a…

A

Plasma membrane

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30
Q

Plasma membrane made of a __ and can be both ___ and ____

A

Phospholipid Bilayer, fluid/restrictive

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31
Q

Hydrophobic Tails are

A

Water-fearing

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32
Q

Hydrophilic heads are…

A

Water-loving

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33
Q

Functions of hydrophilic heads/hydrophobic tails

A

Separate contents of cells from surrounding environment and regulate molecules passage

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34
Q

Organelles

A

Any well defined subcellular structure that performs a particular function

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35
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts

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36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semi fluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles

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37
Q

Nucleus

A

“Brain” of the cell that contains genetic material

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38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (both Rough and Smooth)

A

Rough - ribosomes, processes proteinsSmooth - no ribosomes, makes lipids

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39
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out respiration and makes ATP

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40
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Processes, packages, and secretes cell products

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41
Q

Lysosome

A

Vesicle that digests macromolecules

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42
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Proposed by Lynn MargulisExplains origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, internal members of Eukaryotic cells Chloroplast used to be photosynthetic bacterium (Cyanobacteria)

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43
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment by an organism, or even a single cell

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44
Q

Disease

A

Abnormality in body’s normal processes that significantly impairs homeostasis

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45
Q

Sensor/Receptor

A

Detects change in internal conditions

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46
Q

Control Center

A

Directs the response to bring conditions back to normal

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47
Q

Effector

A

Organ/tissue that receives info from control center and acts to bring about changes to maintain homeostasis

48
Q

2 types of homeostatic mechanisms

A

Negative and Positive feedbacj

49
Q

Negative feedback

A

Keeps a variable as close as it can to certain value (AC, Blood Sugar Regulation)

50
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Brings about rapid change in same direction as stimulus (blood clotting, birth)

51
Q

Bones are enclosed by ____

A

Periosteum

52
Q

Two types of tissue different anatomy

A

-Compact (organized, has tubular units called osteons, contains blood vessels)-Spongy (unorganized, very strong, lighter than compact)

53
Q

5 Bone Functions

A

Support, Protection, Blood Production, Storage, Movement

54
Q

Osteons

A

Tubular unit of compact bone

55
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

56
Q

Lacunae

A

Tiny chambers that house osteocytes

57
Q

Central/Haversion Canals

A

Contain blood/lymph vessels + nerves, surrounded by lacunae, found in within an osteon,

58
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals that provide nutrients from blood vessels in central canal to cells in lacunae

59
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric circles, composes Haversion canals

60
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic

61
Q

Hyaline Cartilage qualities

A

Firm, flexible, uniform organization, glassy appearance, contains collagen fibers

62
Q

Fibercartilage

A

Stronger than hyaline, withstands tension/pressure, has wide rows of thick collagen fibers

63
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

More flexible than hyaline, presence of mostly elastin fibers, found in ear flaps/epiglottis

64
Q

Human bones first appear during ____ as __________

A

Embryonic development, hyaline cartilage

65
Q

Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone over time via process called ____

A

Endochondral Ossification

66
Q

____ lay down spongy bone and compact bone over time

A

Osteoblasts

67
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large, multi-nucleated cells that break down spongy bone - makes medullary cavity

68
Q

Bone is constantly broken down and built again as adults, ____ break down this bone, resulting in increased _____

A

Osteoclasts, calcium levels in blood

69
Q

When new bone is formed, ____ use calcium from blood + these _____ can become ____

A

Osteoblasts (x2), osteocytes

70
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Midline of body (skull, thoracic cage, sacrum, coccyx)

71
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs and girdles

72
Q

What are processes?

A

Where muscles attach, nerves and blood vessels pass through

73
Q

3 classifications of joints:

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

74
Q

Fibrous joints quality

A

Immovable (sutures in skull)

75
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Connected via hyaline cartilage (discs in our spine)

76
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely movable, held together by ligaments/tendons (femur/hips)

77
Q

Part of skull that protects brain

78
Q

Foremen Magnum

A

Large opening at base of cranium where spinal cords passes and connects w brain stem

79
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw, only moveable part of skull

80
Q

Maxillae

A

Upper jaw and anterior portion of hard palate

81
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones

82
Q

Hyoid Bone is the only bone in body that….

A

Doesn’t articulate with another bone

83
Q

Vertebral Column (from top to bottom)

A

7 cervical12 Thoracic5 Lumbar5 Sacrum (fused vertebrae)4 Coccyx (fused vertebrae)

84
Q

What are intervertebral disks

A

Padding between vertebrae made of fibrocartilage

85
Q

___ total pairs of ribs, upper ____ connect to ___ but all connect to _____

A

12, 7, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

86
Q

Remaining pairs of ribs don’t connect to sternum, indirectly bound to sternum via____, last __ pairs don’t connect at all, called

A

Hyaline cartilage (“false ribs”)2 pairs, “floating ribs”

87
Q

3 types of Muscle

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

88
Q

Skeletal Muscle qualities

A

Covered by Fascia, Voluntary movements, “stripy” appearance bc of sarcomeres

89
Q

Smooth Muscle qualities

A

Involuntary movements, no sarcomeres,

90
Q

Cardiac Muscle qualities

A

Similar structure to skeletal, has sarcomeres, involuntary movements

91
Q

What is Sarcolemma?

A

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

92
Q

What is Myofibril?

A

Bundle of myofilaments

93
Q

What are Myofilaments?

A

Composed of actin and myosin, allows for muscle contractions

94
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

Structural unit of a Myofibril (Z line to Z line)

95
Q

Two states that depend on myofilament positioning

A

Relaxed (H bands separated)
Contracted (H Bands shortened)

96
Q

Each band in sacromere and what each has-

A

I Band- Actin only
A Band - Actin + Myosin
H Band - Myosin only

97
Q

Myosin breaks down __ and pulls __ towards center of Sacromere

A

ATP, Actin

98
Q

Digestive Tract functions

A

Ingest food, Separate food, Absorb nutrients, Eliminate indigestible remains

99
Q

Digestion occurs in the ___

A

digestive tract AKA gastrointestinal tract

100
Q

2 different kinds of digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

101
Q

Mechanical digestion examples

A

Chewing of food, churning/mixing of food in stomach

102
Q

Chemical digestion definition

A

Enzymes break down macromolecules into small organic molecules to be absorbed

103
Q

Pharynx connects ___ to ____

A

mouth to esophagus

104
Q

Esophagus connects __ to __

A

Pharynx to stomach

105
Q

Small intestine functions

A

Digest all food, absorb nutrients

106
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Absorbs water, stores indigestible remains

107
Q

Liver functions

A

Makes bile (breaks down fat to fatty acids), helps to absorb

108
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Stores excess bile, can be used in intestines to break down fats

109
Q

Pancreas functions

A

Makes pancreatic juices, makes enzymes

110
Q

stomach connects the __ to the __

A

esophagus to the small intestine

111
Q

Rugae

A

folds in the stomach that expand

112
Q

Gastric juices include ___

A

pepsinogen, HCL, Pepsin

113
Q

Food leaves stomach in thick, soupy liquid called ___

114
Q

Wall of small intestines contain ___ to keep things moving

115
Q
A

Integument Systen

Tyler K. (15 decks)

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