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Tyler K. > Bio Exam 2 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Players involved in cardio system

A

blood, blood vessels, heart

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2
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, cappilaries, veins

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3
Q

Artery functions

A

Carry O2 rich blood AWAY from heart to capillaries, contains smooth muscle

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4
Q

Largest artery in body

A

Aorta

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5
Q

Capillary functions

A

CONNECT Arteries to veins
Exchange nutrients w/ tissues
Small/narrow
Form vast networks - creates capillary beds
Huge role in homeostasis

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6
Q

Vein functions

A

Takes O2-POOR blood TOWARD heart

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7
Q

What are venules

A

“small veins” that drain blood from capillaries + join together to form a vein

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8
Q

Vena Cava

A

Largest vein
Superior Vena Cava - top of heart
Inferior Vena Cava - bottom of heart

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9
Q

Varicose veins

A

Occurs when blood pools in veins, causing them to enlarge

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10
Q

3 main functions of blood

A

Transport - nutrients, wastes, hormones
Homeostasis Maintenance - body temp/blood pressure
Immunity - disease

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11
Q

Red Blood Cells qualities

A

AKA Erythrocytes
Made in bone marrow
Carry oxygen (hemoglobins)
Lack nuclei + other organelles

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12
Q

Anemia is when…

A

Not enough red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin

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13
Q

White Blood Cells qualities

A

AKA luekocytes
Have nuclei
No hemoglobin
Role in fighting infection (generating immunity)
Too much(Mono) / little(AIDS) white blood cells - disease
Constant production of white blood cells = Leukemia

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14
Q

What is myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue of the heart

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15
Q

Describe the functions of the septum

A

separates nasal cavity into left/right sides

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16
Q

Describe the 4 heart chambers

A

2 atria - upper heart, thin-walled, receive blood
2 ventricles - lower heart, thick-walled, pump blood

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17
Q

Right Atrium/Ventricle contain…

A

Deoxygenated Blood

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18
Q

Left Atrium/Ventricle contain…

A

Oxygenated Blood

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19
Q

Describe the path of blood through right side of heart

A

blood travels to vena cava (inferior + superior) to right atrium to right ventricle through tricuspid valve then to pulmonary valve (artery) where it is then carried to lungs

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20
Q

Describe the path of blood through left side of heart

A

Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood to left atrium, through bicuspid (aka mitral) valve to left ventricle, blood then pushed to aorta

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21
Q

Compare systole/diastole + blood pressure

A

Systole - contraction of heart muscle
Diastole - relaxation of heart muscle
Blood pressure = systolic #/diastolic #

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22
Q

Explain function of Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulates heartbeat

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23
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A

Allow oxygen to enter blood
Allow C02 to exit
maintain homeostasis w/ cardio system

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24
Q

Explain external respiration

A

Exchange O2 and CO2 between air and blood

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25
Q

Explain internal respiration

A

Exchange gases between blood and tissue fluid

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26
Q

Identify what upper respiratory tract contains + explain functions (4)

A

Nasal cavities
Pharynx - chamber behind oral cavity
Glottis - opening into Larynx
Larynx- houses vocal cords/box

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27
Q

Identify what lower respiratory tract contains + explain functions (5)

A

Trachea - tube that connect larynx + bronchi, aka windpipe
Bronchi - 2 tubes that connect trachea to lungs
Bronchiole - branched tubes that lead from bronchi to alveoli
Lungs - contain alveoli and blood vessels
Alveoli - small air sacs in lungs, gas exchange occurs here

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28
Q

Explain function of spirometer + tidal volume

A

Measures ventilation, records volume of exchanged air
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest

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29
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

At constant temperature, pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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30
Q

Inspiration/Expiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and relaxes

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31
Q

Identify the 2 goals of reproduction

A

Produce gametes (sex cells)
Pass on genes to offspring

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32
Q

Explain the Epididymis

A

Where sperm mature, becomes motile

33
Q

Explain the Vas Deferens

A

Tube that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

34
Q

Explain prostate gland

A

Surrounds upper portion of urethra, makes seminal fluid to transport sperm

35
Q

Explain prostaglandins

A

Hormones required for uterus to contract, propel sperm to egg

36
Q

Explain Spermatogenesis

A

Complex mitotic and meiotic divisions that occur in testes, occurs on seminiferous tubules (sperm formed)

37
Q

Elaborate on the head/middle/tail of sperm contain

A

Head- nucleus+enzymes
Middle- mitochondria
Tail- Called flagellum

38
Q

Identify/Explain the 3 Hormones in Spermatogenesis

A

Luteinizing Hormone - promotes cells to secrete testosterone

Follicular Stimulating Hormone - Controls amount of sperm made

Testosterone- male main sex hormone, lots of functions

39
Q

Explain ovaries functions

A

Female gonads that make eggs (oocytes)
Oogenesis (production of eggs)

40
Q

Uterine Tubes

A

AKA Fallopian tubes
Where sperm and egg unite
Oviducts

41
Q

Explain Fimbriae function

A

Move oocytes within fallopian tubes

42
Q

Explain Uterus

A

Hollow organ where embryo grows/develops

43
Q

Explain cervix

A

Narrow portion of uterus above vagina

44
Q

Oocytes are propelled by ___ + ___

A

ciliary movement an muscular contraction

45
Q

Function of endocrine system

A

Secretion of hormones

46
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals that affect behavior of other glands/tissues, often found far away from actual hormone production site

47
Q

What is the function of glands

A

Create and secrete hormones

48
Q

3 components of Endocrine system

A

Hormones, glands, homeostasis

49
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Regulate homeostasis in 2 ways- autonomically and controls secretion of pituitary gland (directly connected)

50
Q

Explain Adrenal Glands

A

Sit on top of Kidneys
Involved in stress response
Outer: adrenal cortex
Inner: adrenal medulla

51
Q

Alpha islet vs Beta islet cells + where they are found

A

Alpha produces glucagon
Beta produces insulin
Found in pancreas

52
Q

Gonads

A

Testes/ovaries

53
Q

Function of Thymus gland

A

makes lymphocytes, between lungs and behind sternum

54
Q

Function of Pineal gland

A

in brain, makes melatonin

55
Q

Explain Diabetes type 1/2

A

1- not enough insulin made
2- can’t properly use insulin they take

56
Q

functions of urinary system

A

Excretion of metabolic wastes in the form of nitrogenous waste
Osmoregulation – maintenance of the appropriate balance of
water and salt in the blood
Acid-base balance – kidneys help keep the blood pH ~7.4
Secretion of hormones

57
Q

4 Organs of urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

58
Q

Function of ureters

A

Takes urine from kidneys to
bladder via peristaltic contractions

59
Q

Function of bladder

A

Stores urine until ready for expulsion
3 openings (2 for ureters, 1 for urethra)
Wall is expandable because of rugae prevents backward flow
of urine
Internal sphincter – close to opening of
urethra
External sphincter – close to bottom of
urethra; voluntarily controlled b/c made of skeletal muscle

60
Q

What is the urethra

A

Tube that extends from
bladder -> external opening
Females ~4cm (reproductive
+ urinary systems
SEPARATE)
Males ~20cm (reproductive +
urinary systems COMBINED)

61
Q

Function of Kidney

A

Filter blood + produce urine

62
Q

What are nephrons

A

Functional unit of kidney

63
Q

What is glomerular filtration

A

Blood travels from renal artery to afferent arteriole to glomerus

64
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

nutrients and salts are
reabsorbed from convoluted
tubules to the capillaries.

65
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

Remaining wastes from blood are removed from capillaries to the convoluted tubules

66
Q

Explain Pyelonephritis

A

infection of kidneys

67
Q

Explain Uremia

A

urea and other wastes accumulate in blood

68
Q

Explain pituitary gland

A

Connected directly to your hypothalamus
2 parts: Anterior (“front”)
Posterior (“back”)

69
Q

Explain anterior pituitary glands

A

Releases hormones that travel via the blood
Hormones made:
Growth hormones (e.g., growth
factors) Gonadotropic hormones (produce gametes/sex hormones)
Stress hormones

70
Q

Explain posterior pituitary glands

A

Controlled by a positive
feedback loop
Hormones made:
Oxytocin
Vasopressin

71
Q

Explain thyroid gland

A

Found in the neck, attached to
trachea
Hormones made:
Calcitonin – controls blood
calcium levels
Within the thyroid gland, there
are parathyroid glands

72
Q

EXPLAIN Adrenal medulla

A

Under nervous control (nerve
impulses from brain)
Short term stress response
(ex: heartbeat, blood pressure
increase), AKA fight or flight
Epinephrine

73
Q

Explain adrenal cortex

A

Controlled by signals from the
anterior pituitary gland
Long term stress response (ex:
reduced inflammation to save
energy)
Glucocorticoids

74
Q

Explain Pancreas

A

Found between your kidneys and
small intestine
3 types of endocrine cells, but I only
want you to remember two:
Alpha islet cells – produce glucagon
Beta islet cells – produce insulin
Insulin – secreted when blood
glucose is HIGH
Glucagon – secreted when blood
glucose is LOW

75
Q

Ovarian cycle (in order)

A

Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal

76
Q

Explain follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A

Development of follicle within ovary to prepare for ovulation
Occurs between
days 0-7 of menstrual cycle
Menstruation occurs during this phase

77
Q

Explain ovulation phase of ovarian cycle

A

Follicle is released
Occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle
Best time for pregnancy to occur
Endometrium starts to grow back (as menstruation has ended)

78
Q

Explain luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A

Endometrium continues to grow and
rebuild itself
The corpus luteum (structure that held
the egg within the ovary) starts to
degrade and release progesterone
Progesterone promotes ovulation
(and the cycle starts over)

Tyler K. (15 decks)

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