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BIO202 - Anatomy and Physiology 1 & Lab > BIO202 - Terminologies > Flashcards

BIO202 - Terminologies Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology 1

1
Q

Anatomical position:

A

Standing erect, facing the observer, legs together, arms at the sides, with palms forward.

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2
Q

What is the reference point used to describe the body parts and position accurately?

A

Anatomical postion.

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3
Q

Superior:

A

Towards the head.

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4
Q

Inferior:

A

Away from the head.

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5
Q

Medial:

A

Towards the middle of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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6
Q

Dorsal (posterior):

A

Towards the back of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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7
Q

Ventral (anterior):

A

Towards the front of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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8
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

On the same side of the body.

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9
Q

Lateral:

A

Towards the side of the body, organ, or section of the body.

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10
Q

Contralateral:

A

Opposite sides of the midline.

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11
Q

Proximal:

A

Closest to the point of attachment.

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12
Q

Distal:

A

Away from the point of attachment.

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13
Q

Deep (internal):

A

Towards the internal portion of the body.

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14
Q

Superficial (external):

A

Away from the internal portion of the body.

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15
Q

Parietal:

A

The part of the membrane lining the wall of the cavity

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16
Q

Visceral:

A

The membrane which covers the organs in the cavity.

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17
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

Vertical plane divides the body into right and left sections.

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18
Q

Median or Midsagittal plane:

A

Vertical plane divides the body into equal right and left sections.

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19
Q

Parasagittal plane:

A

Vertical plane divides the body into unequal right and left sections.

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20
Q

Frontal or Coronal plane:

A

Vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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21
Q

Transverse (cross section) or Horizontal plane:

A

Vertical plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

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22
Q

Dorsal body cavity:

A

Cranial cavity: the brain

Vertebral or Spinal cavity: the spinal cord

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23
Q

Ventral body cavity:

A

Thoracic cavity - superior to the diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity - inferior to the diaphragm

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24
Q

Thoracic cavity:

A

2 Pleural cavities - contain the lungs

Mediastinum - space between the two pleural cavities
➢ Superior mediastinum - major blood vessels, esophagus,
the trachea and bronchi, and the thymus gland
➢ Inferior mediastinum – pericardial cavity - contains the hear

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25
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity:

A

Abdominal cavity: abdominal organs (stomach, intestine, spleen,
liver, etc.

Pelvis cavity: pelvic organs - urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum).

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26
Q

Abdominal Quadrants:

A

RUQ: right upper quadrant

RLQ: right lower quadrant

LUQ: left upper quadrant

LLQ: left lower quadrant

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27
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions:

A

Epigastric region

Right hypochondriac region

Left hypochondriac region

Umbilical

Right lumbar region

Left lumber

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Right iliac or inguinal region

Left iliac or inguinal region

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28
Q

What are membranes?

A

Thin sheets of tissue that cover surface, line tracts, body cavities, or wraps organs within the cavities. Is either epithelial or connective tissue.

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29
Q

Epithelial:

A

Serous – in ventral cavities

Mucous – line tracts

Cutaneous – the skin

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30
Q

Connective:

A

Synovial – line synovial joints

Meninges – dorsal cavities

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31
Q

Parietal membrane:

A

Lines the cavity walls.

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32
Q

Visceral membrane:

A

Covers the organs in the cavity.

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33
Q

Parietal pleura:

A

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity.

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34
Q

Visceral pleura:

A

Covers the lungs.

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35
Q

Parietal pericardial:

A

Lines the pericardial cavity.

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36
Q

Visceral pericardial:

A

Covers the heart.

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37
Q

Parietal peritoneum:

A

Lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity.

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38
Q

Visceral peritoneum:

A

Covers most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity.

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39
Q

Ocular (eyepiece):

A

10X

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40
Q

Body tube:

A

main body of the microscope

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41
Q

Coarse adjustment knob:

A

Raises and lowers the body tube to bring the specimen into focus.

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42
Q

Fine adjustment:

A

For fine focusing

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43
Q

Objectives lenses:

A

Further magnifies object on stage.
4X - Scanning
10X - Low Power
40X-45X - High Power
100X - Oil Immersion

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44
Q

Nosepiece:

A

Holds the objectives lenses.

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45
Q

Spring clips:

A

Secures slide in position on the stage.

46
Q

Stage:

A

The platform where the slide is placed.

47
Q

Diaphragm:

A

Regulates the amount of light passing through the specimen.

48
Q

Illuminator:

A

light source.

49
Q

Arm:

A

Main supportive structure, for carrying the microscope.

50
Q

Base:

A

Supportive bottom, for carrying the microscope.

51
Q

Condenser:

A

Concentrates the light from the illuminator on the
specimen.

52
Q

Epithelial Tissue:

A

Simple, Stratified, or Pseudostratified.

53
Q

Connective Tissue:

A

Proper: Loose or Dense

Supportive: Cartilage or Bone

Fluid: Blood

54
Q

Muscle Tissue:

A

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal.

55
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Highly cellular:

A

Composed almost entirely of cells.

56
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Have tight junctions:

A

Form continuous sheets

57
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Polarity:

A

Apical and basal surfaces

58
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Avascular but innervated:

A

Contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers

59
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Regenerative:

A

Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division

60
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Supported by connective tissue:

A

Reticular and basal laminae

61
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Characteristics: Classification:

A

Classification by layers into Simple, Stratified, or Pseudostratified

Classified by shape into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional

62
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Simple squamous:

A

Location: blood vessels, lining the heart (visceral pericardium), air sacs of the
lung, kidney (Bowman’s capsule)

Function: Diffusion and filtration. secretes lubricating substances in the serosae

63
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Simple cuboidal:

A

Location: kidney tubules, ovary, ducts and secretory portions of small glands

Function: secretion and absorption

64
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Simple columnar:

A

Location: gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Function: secretion, absorption

65
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Pseudostratified ciliated columnar:

A

Location: upper respiratory tract (trachea, nasal cavity, etc.) and male urethra

Function: secretion of mucus, ciliary movement

66
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Stratified squamous:

A

Location: skin, vagina, mouth, esophagus, anal canal

Function: Protection

67
Q

Epithelial Tissue - Transitional:

A

Location: urinary tract (urethra, ureter, urinary bladder)

Function: Allow distension, prevent reabsorption

68
Q

Connective Tissue - Characteristics: Specialized Cells:

A

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells

69
Q

Connective Tissue - Characteristics: Matrix

A

Ground substance, unstructured material that fills the space between cells

70
Q

Connective Tissue - Characteristics: Fibers:

A

Collagen, elastic, or reticular

71
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers: Collagen:

A

Tough and inflexible, provide high tensile strength, resists stretching

72
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers: Elastic:

A

Long, thin fibers, allows for stretch

73
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers: Reticular:

A

Branched fibers, form delicate framework

74
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar:

A

Location: Distributed under epithelial, surrounds blood vessel and nerves

Function: Wraps and cushions organs

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts

75
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular:

A

Location: spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

Function: framework (stroma) of various organs

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts

76
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose:

A

Location: around the heart and kidney, under the skin, posterior portion of the
eye, breast

Function: energy storage, thermal regulation, support and protects organs

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts, adipocytes

77
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Dense Regular:

A

Location: tendons (attach muscle to bone), ligaments (attach bone to bone)

Function: strong attachment, resistance to strain

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts

78
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Dense Irregular:

A

Location: dermis of the skin

Function: strength and withstands tension

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

79
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Elastic Connective:

A

Location: elastic artery walls and lung

Function: Elasticity and expansion

Specialized cells: Fibroblasts

80
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage:

A

Location: trachea, ends of long bones, tip of the nose

Function: supports, cushioning, and resists stress

Specialized cells: Chondrocytes, chondroblasts, fibroblasts

81
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage:

A

Location: external ear (pinna) and epiglottis

Function: shape, structure, elasticity

Specialized cells: Chondrocytes, chondroblasts, fibroblasts

82
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage:

A

Location: intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

Function: strength and absorbs shock

Specialized cells: Chondroblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts

83
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Bone:

A

Location: skeletal system (bones)

Function: protection, support, blood production

Specialized cells: Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, fibroblasts

84
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Blood:

A

Location: arteries, veins, and heart

Function: protection, regulation, transportation

Specialized cells: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets

85
Q

Muscle Tissue – Excitable Tissue: Skeletal Muscle:

A

Location: skeletal system (gross muscles)

Function: voluntary movement, generates heat

Special features: Striations, cylindrical fibers, multiple peripheral nuclei

86
Q

Muscle Tissue – Excitable Tissue: Cardiac Muscle:

A

Location: heart wall (atria and ventricles)

Function: Receive and pump blood

Special features: Striations, branched fibers, centralized nuclei, intercalated
discs, glycogen stores

87
Q

Muscle Tissue – Excitable Tissue: Smooth Muscle:

A

Location: Hallow organs, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal tract

Function: involuntary propulsion (movement) of substances

Special features: non-striated, spindle fibers, central nuclei

88
Q

Nervous Tissue – Excitable Tissue: Neuron and Neuroglia:

A

Location: central and peripheral nervous system

Function: action potential and nerve impulse for internal communication

Special features: cell body (soma) with projecting dendrites and axons

89
Q

Dermis: 2 Layers – Papillary (like nipples):

A

Anchors and supports epidermis, friction, fingerprints

90
Q

Dermis: 2 Layers - Reticular:

A

Irregular connective tissue. Root of skin organs. Stretch-recoil

91
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles:

A

light touch and texture (in dermal papillae)

92
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Free Nerve Endings:

A

pain receptors (in dermal papillae)

93
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Follicle:

A

warmth, protection, amplify sensation, attraction

94
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Hair Follicle: Shaft

A

above the skin

95
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Hair Follicle: Root

A

under the skin

96
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Hair Follicle: Bulb

A

(knot of sensory nerve endings) in reticular region of dermis

97
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Hair Follicle: Papilla

A

nutrient capillaries in the bulb

98
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Arrector Pili Muscle

A

smooth muscle – shivering (temperature regulation)

99
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous (oil) Glands

A

lubrication

100
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands

A

temperature regulation

101
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

A

protection, tool, grasp, claw etc.

102
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Germinal Matrix

A

site of growth/ formation

103
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Hyponychium

A

under the cuticle

104
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Eponychium

A

the cuticle

105
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Paronychium

A

sides of the cuticle

106
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Lunula

A

half moon

107
Q

Accessory Structures of the Skin - Nails: Free edge

A

that is usually trimmed

108
Q

Hypodermis (not part of the skin, but always found under skin)

A

Anchors skin to the underlying structures (mostly muscles), adipose tissue.

109
Q

Hypodermis: Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles

A

deep pressure

110
Q

Assessment of burns: Type of burn, depth, Extent, Area involved

A

Depth:
1st degree (epidermis only);
2nd degree (Epidermis and dermis);
3rd degree (beyond the dermis)

Extent: By rule of 9s

111
Q

Rules of Nines: Burns

A

Head: 9%

Genitalia: 1%

Arm: 9%

Leg: 18%

Torso: 36%‌

BIO202 - Anatomy and Physiology 1 & Lab (5 decks)

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