Bio2 Lesson 3.2: Reproduction and Development (High Yield Topics) Flashcards
High Yield Topics Only. Covers: -Male Reproductive Cycle -Female Reproductive Cycle -Menstrual Cycle -Gastrulation
Name the 6 main structures of the male reproductive system
Mnemonic: SEVEn UP
- Seminiferous tubulues
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Urethra
- Penis
What are the male gonads and what do they contain?
Testes; they contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
What do the seminiferous tubulues do?
Begin the process of spermatogenesis (producing sperm)
What do interstitial cells do?
Produce testosterone
Name the structures of the male reproductive system in the order that sperm travels
Mnemonic: SEVEn UP
1) Seminiferous tubules
2) Epididymus
3) Vas deferens
4) Ejaculatory duct
5) Urethra and Penis
What happens in the epididymus?
Sperm MATURES, acquires motility, and is stored until ejaculation
During ejaculation, sperm travel through the ___________ to the ____________ and then to the ___________, which passes through the ____________
Vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis
Which hormone matures the seminiferous tubules?
FSH
Which hormone stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone?
LH
Describe the 4 steps of spermatogenesis and describe whether each substance is diploid (2n) or haploid (n)
1) Spermatogonium (2n) undergoes MITOSIS to become primary spermatocytes (2n)
2) Primary spermatocytes (2n) undergo MEIOSIS I to become 2 secondary spermatoctyes (n)
3) Secondary spermatocytes undergo MEISOSIS II to become 4 spermatids (n)
4) Spermatids (n) undergo SPERMIOGENESIS (maturation) to become spermatozoa/sperm (n)
Is a spermatogonium haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Are primary spermatoctyes haploid or diploid?
Diploid
Are secondary spermatoctyes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Are spermatids haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Are sperm cells haploid or diploid?
Haploid
What are the differences between spermatids and sperm?
Spermatids are immature and have a round shape.
Sperm are mature, change shape, grow flagella, and lose cytosol
During which phase of cell division does a cell go from 2n (diploid) to n (haploid)?
Meiosis I
What is the head of a sperm cell called?
Acrosome
What does the acrosome do?
Releases hydrolytic enzymes (capcable of hydrolysis/degradation reactions) to digest a path into ovum/egg
How long does it take for a spermatogonium to become a fully developed sperm cell?
Approximately 90 days
What are the female gonads, where are they found and what do they consist of?
The female gonads are ovaries, which are found in the abdominal cavity and consist of follicles (developing oocytes)
Replication of all oogonium (2n) that will be developed over a lifetime takes place _________
Before birth
Germline cells are arrested at the __________ ooctye stage until _______ and stored in follicles
Primary oocyte (2n), puberty
Before menarche, oocytes will only undergo __________ (phase of cell division) to become _______
Mitosis I, primary oocytes
What phases of cell divison will an oocyte undergo after menarche?
After menarche, one oocyte every month undergoes meisois I to become a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte is arrested at metaphase II. Only when an oocyte is fertilized, will meisos II be completed.
What are the 6 main female reproductive organs/structures in the order that fertilization takes place?
1) Vagina
2) Cervix
3) Fallopian tube(s)
4) Ovary(ies)
5) Uterus
6) Endometrium
Where does sperm enter the female reproductive system from?
From the vagina
In respect to fertilization, what happens in the vagina?
Sperm enters the vagina to begin the process of fertilization
In respect to fertilization, what happnes in the cervix?
The cervix allows passage of sperm through to the fallopian tubes
In respect to fertilization, what happens in the fallopian tubes?
The fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization. The sperm travels here and meets an oocyte. The sperm fuses into secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte then completes meiosis II and fuses with the sperm nucleus to become a zygote
In respect to fertilization, what happens in the uterus?
The uterus is the site of oocyte/egg implantation and is where a baby grows
What happens in the ovaries?
Oocytes mature: to become primary oocytes
What happens to most oocytes?
Atresia: they never mature
What are the 7 main differences between sperm/spermatogenesis and oocytes/oogenesis?
Sperm/Spermatogenesis
1) There are about 400 million sperm made per day
2) Sperm are motile
3) Sperm are small
4) Meiosis I and Meiosis II are ongoing after puberty in males
5) Spermatogenesis is continuous in life
6) Sperm can carry an X or Y chromosome
7) The male reproductive system maintains stem cell population throughout life
Ooctyes/Oogenesis
1) Only 1 oocyte matures per month
2) Oocytes are not motile
3) Oocytes are the largest cell in the body
4) Meiosis I continues for a long time (about 45 years) and Meiosis II is only completed after fertilization
5) Oogenesis stops at menopause (average 52 years of age)
6) Ovum can only carry an X chromosome
7) The female reproductive system gradually depletes primoridal oocytes over lifetime (no regeneration after birth)
In order, what are the four stages of the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation/Menses, Proliferative/Follicular Phase, Ovulaiton Phase, Luteal/Secretory Phase
What are the four hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle?
FSH, LH, Progesterone, Estrogen
Describe the Menstruation/Menses phase of the menstrual cycle. Discuss gonadotropic hormone levels, the ovarian cycle, ovarian hormone levels, and the uterine cycle
