Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BioBioChem MCAT > Bio2 Lesson 3.1: Endocrinology > Flashcards

Bio2 Lesson 3.1: Endocrinology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Where are peptide hormones made?

A

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are peptide hormones polar/nonpolar?

A

Polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do peptide hormones enter a cell?

A

They bind to a membrane bound/cell surface receptor because they cannot diffuse through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do peptide hormones do?

A

They act on effector cell membrane receptors and initiate internal secondary messenger cascades (cAMP, Ca2+, etc…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of change results from a peptide hormone?

A

Change in proteins (phosphorylation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peptide hormones have a slow/fast effect on the cell?

A

Fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do peptide hormones produce a long-term/short-lived signal?

A

Short-lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the pancreatic peptide hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are steroid hormones made?

A

On the smooth endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are steroid hormones polar/nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar; they need a carrier protein to travel in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do steroid hormones enter a cell?

A

They diffuse into the cell through the membrane and then bind to a cytosol or nuclear receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of change results from a steroid hormone?

A

Change in gene expression; changed transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Steroid hormones have a slow/fast effect on the cell?

A

Slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do steroid hormones produce long-term/short-lived signals?

A

Long-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the gonadal steroid hormones?

A

Progesterone, estrogen, testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid (steroid hormone)?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid (steroid hormone)?

A

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are tyrosine derivative hormones derived from?

A

The amino acid tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two groups of tyrosine derivative hormones?

A

Catecholamines and the thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do catecholamines behave like peptide/steroid hormones?

A

Peptide hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do thyroid hormones act as peptide/steroid hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Are catecholamines polar/nonpolar?

A

Polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are thyroid hormones polar/nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are catecholamines used for?

A

They are used in the fight/flight system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are thyroid hormones used for?

A

They are used to change metabolism (fast or slow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are catecholamines released from?

A

The adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where are tyrosine derived hormones made?

A

In the cytosol or RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do peptide hormones exit a cell?

A

The Golgi packages the hormone into secretory vesicles and releases the vesicles via exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The hypothalamus is located below the ___________ and above the _____________

A

Thalamus, pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The hypothalamus is considered the _____________ of the endocrine system

A

Master gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The hypothalamus _________ and _________ both direct and tropic __________ hormones

A

Synthesizes, releases, peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a direct hormone?

A

A hormone that targets an organ/organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that targets and activates another endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary?

A

By the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a portal system?

A

A capilary bed that drains into another capillary bed through a vein, without first going through the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary?

A

By a special group of nerve cells called neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary via ___________. Hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary via ____________

A

The bloodstream (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system), nerve axons (neurosecretory cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The hypothalamus secretes _______ hormones that activate the ________ pituitary to ______ and ______ new hormones

A

Tropic, anterior, make, release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The posterior pituitary is regulated by the __________ via ___________

A

Hypothalamus, nerve axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Does the posterior pituitary make hormones?

A

No. It releases them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus synthesize ____ direct peptide hormones. These hormones are ___________ and _________

A

2, vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone or ADH), oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Vasopressin is synthesized by the ____________ and stored in the ____________

A

Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized by the ____________ and stored in the _____________

A

Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How are hormones in the hypothalamus made?

A

By neurosecretory cells

45
Q

How many sets of neurosecretory cells does the hypothalamus have?

A

2

46
Q

What are the 7 peptide hormones synthesized/released by the anterior pituitary?

A

Mneumonic: FLAT PEG

1) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
5) Prolactin (PRL)
6) Endorphins/Enkephalins
7) Growth Hormone (hGH, GH, somatotropin)

47
Q

Name the 7 peptide hormones synthesized/released by the anterior pituitary and describe whether they are direct or tropic hormones

A

1) FSH: Tropic
2) LH: Tropic
3) ACTH: Tropic
4) TSH: Tropic
5) PRL: Direct
6) Endorphins/Enkephalins: Direct
7) GH: Direct

48
Q

Describe the following for FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Tropic
2) GnRH (hypothalamus)
3) Combination of estrogen and progesterone
4) In females: causes maturation of ovarian follicles; In males: stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules for sperm production

49
Q

Describe the following for LH (Luteinizing Hormone):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Tropic
2) GnRH (hypothalamus)
3) Combination of estrogen and progesterone
4) In females: stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum; In males: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to synthesize testosterone

50
Q

Describe the following for ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Tropic
2) CRF: Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (hypothalamus)
3) Cortisol
4) Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids or cortical hormones during stress

51
Q

Describe the following for TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Tropic
2) TRH: Thyrotorpin-Releasing Hormone (hypothalamus)
3) A negative feedback loop from T3 and T4 to the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
4) Synthesize/release Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4)

52
Q

Describe the following for PRL (Prolactin):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Direct
2) TRH: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
3) N/A
4) Stimulation of lactation in breasts

53
Q

Describe the following for Endorphins/Enkephalins:

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Direct
2) Comes directly from the hypothalamus
3) N/A
4) Inhibit pain perception

54
Q

Describe the following for GH (Growth Hormone):

1) Is it a direct or tropic hormone?
2) What stimulates its release?
3) If applicable, what inhibits its release?
4) What is its function?

A

1) Direct
2) GHRH: Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (hypothalamus)
3) N/A
4) Stimulate all cells for growth

55
Q

What is the luteal surge and what does it result in?

A

During ovulation (around day 14 of the menstrual cycle), the luteal surge is an increased release of LH. This promotes ovulation

56
Q

Normally, what kind of feedback loop does estrogen perform for LH, FSH, and GnRH?

A

Negative feedback loop

57
Q

When does estrogen perform a positive feedback loop for LH, FSH, and GnRH?

A

During the luteal surge to promote ovulation, estrogen activates the hypothalamus to release GnRH and the anterior pituitary to release LH/FSH

58
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

1) Adrenal cortex

2) Adrenal medulla

59
Q

The adrenal cortex responds to _______ and synthesizes/secretes _______________

A

ACTH, corticosteroids

60
Q

What are the three corticosteroids of the adrenal cortex?

A

Mneumonic: SUGAR, SALT, and SEX

1) Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) ——- SUGAR
2) Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) ——- SALT
3) Cortical sex hormones (e.g., androgens) ——- SEX

61
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to the sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight)

62
Q

Glucocorticoids are released in response to ________ from the adrenal __________

A

Stress, cortex

63
Q

What is the function of cortical sex hormones?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics; can produce masculinizing effects in women

64
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids?

A

To regulate plasma levels of electrolytes and therefore, total extracellular water volume

65
Q

What type of corticosteroid is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid

66
Q

Where does the renin-angiotensin system act and to do what?

A

It acts in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsportion and K+ and H+ secretion

67
Q

The renin-angiotensin system _________ the osmolarity of the solution

A

Increases

68
Q

The renin-angiotensin system _______ blood volume and blood pressure

A

Increases

69
Q

When does the renin-angiotensin system come into play?

A

When there is low blood volume/pressure

70
Q

What is the active form of angiotensinogen?

A

Angiotensin II

71
Q

What does the kidney do when there is low blood volume/pressure?

A

Juxtaglomelular cells of the kidney produce renin and release it into the blood system

72
Q

What releases angiotensinogen into the blood?

A

The liver

73
Q

How is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin II?

A

In the blood system, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Then angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

74
Q

What covnerts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

75
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

1) Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone – which increaes reabsorption of Na+ (this causes more water retention)
2) Vasoconstriction of our arteries, increasing blood pressure
3) Secretion of vasopression (anti-diuretic) hormone that causes water reabsorption

76
Q

What does aldosterone do in the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption and increase K+ secretion

77
Q

What type of feedback system is the renin-angiotensin system?

A

Negative feedback

78
Q

What are the steroids of the adrenal medulla?

A

Epipnephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine/noradrenaline

79
Q

What are the functions of the steroids of the adrenal meddula?

A
  • Increase the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver (raising blood glucose levels)
  • Increase the rate and strength of the heartbeat
  • Vasoconstrict blood vessels to internal organs
  • Vasodilate blood vessels of skeletal muscle
80
Q

The steroids of the adrenal medulla are involved in what system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

81
Q

What type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Tyrosine derivative hormones; catecholamines

82
Q

Endocrine release of catecholamines causes a ___________ response than the nervous system

A

Longer

83
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

On the ventral surface of the trachea

84
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce and secrete?

A

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin

85
Q

What is the difference between T3 and T4?

A

T3 has 3 iodine atoms and T4 has 4 iodine atoms

86
Q

What type of hormones are T3 and T4?

A

Tyrosine derviatime hormones: thyroid hormones

87
Q

T3 and T4 act to increase the ____________

A

Basal metabolic rate

88
Q

High plasma levels of T3 and T4 inhibit _________ and ________ in a negative feedback system

A

TSH, TRH

89
Q

What kind of hormone is calcitonin and what is released by?

A

A peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland

90
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

It decreases blood calcium by inhibiting calcium release from osteoclasts

91
Q

The parathyroid consists of ______ small glands attached to the _______ of the thyroid

A

4, back

92
Q

What does the parathyroid secrete?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

93
Q

What kind of hormone is PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A

Peptide hormone

94
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Increase blood calcium by stimulating calcium release from bone by osteoclasts

95
Q

PTH and Calcitonin are ________ systems that maintain ________

A

Antagonistic; homeostasis

96
Q

When there are high levels of blood calcium, which hormone comes into play?

A

Calcitonin

97
Q

When there are low levels of blood calcium, what hormone comes into play?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

98
Q

The pancreas is both an ________ gland and an _________ gland

A

Endocrine, exocrine

99
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormone products?

A

Directly into the blood

100
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete their products?

A

Into ducts that lead directly into the external environment

101
Q

What hormones does the endocrine gland of the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin and glucagon

102
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Glandular structures in the pancreas that perform its endocrine function. They are composed of alpha, beta, and delta cells

103
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans composed of?

A

Alpha, beta, and delta cells

104
Q

What do the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans do?

A

Secrete glucagon (when blood sugar is low)

105
Q

What do the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans do?

A

Secrete insulin (when blood sugar is high)

106
Q

What do the delta cells of the Islets of Langerhans do?

A

Secrete somatostatin, which inhibits alpha and beta cells

107
Q

What type of hormone is glucagon?

A

Peptide hormone

108
Q

What type of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

109
Q

What type of hormone is somatostatin?

A

Peptide hormone

BioBioChem MCAT (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions