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Bio121 Flashcards

1
Q

acoelomate

A

an animal without a coelom

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2
Q

aerobic

A

a process requiring oxygen or an organism that thrives in the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

agar

A

a gelatinous polysaccharide derived from algae which is used as a culture medium for bacteria and fungi
(used in lab 1 with the finger prints and swabs)

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4
Q

alternation of generations

A

a life cycle that includes both multicellular haploid and diploid stages
occurs in plants and some algal protists

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5
Q

anaerobic

A

a process that does not require oxygen to function or an organism that thrives in the absence of oxygen

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6
Q

angiosperm

A

a flowering plant that has seeds enclosed in fruit

phylum Anthophyta

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7
Q

annulus

A

any ring-like structure

the body segments of an annelid worm

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8
Q

anterior

A

the head region of an animal

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9
Q

anther

A

the pollen-producing structure of a flowering plant

phylum Anthophyta

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10
Q

antheridium (plural antheridia)

A

the male reproductive organ in some plants which produces an egg

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11
Q

ascocarp

A

a reproductive structure of fungi of the phylum Ascomycota which produces asci and ascospores

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12
Q

ascospore

A

a reproductive cell produced within an ascus in fungi of the phylum Ascomycota

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13
Q

ascus (plural asci)

A

the sac-like cell within which meiosis occurs to produce ascospores in fungi of the phylum Ascomycota

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14
Q

aseptate

A

fungal hyphae which lack cross walls of septa

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15
Q

asexual reproduction

A

reproduction involving only a single organism and resulting in clones(genetically identical organisms) of the original organism
there is no change in the chromosome number (or ploidy) of the organisms, no meiosis, no fertilization

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16
Q

auricle

A

a projection on either side of the head of Planaria; used for sensing tactile and chemical signals

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17
Q

autotroph

A

an organism which produces organic molecules from inorganic molecules using energy from either photosynthesis or chemical reactions

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18
Q

bacillus (plural bacilli)

A

rod-shaped bacterium

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19
Q

basal disc

A

the posterior region of Hydra that functions in adhering the organism to the substrate

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20
Q

basidium (plural basidia)

A

a cell on a basidiocarp within which meiosis occurs to produce basidiospores (eg. on the surface of the gills of mushrooms produced in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota)

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21
Q

basidiocarp

A

a reproductive structure (eg. mushroom) which produces basidiospores usually on the surface of its gills (in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota)

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22
Q

basidiospore

A

a reproductive cell produced by meiosis within a basidium (in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota)

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23
Q

binary fission

A

a means of asexual reproduction in bacteria and archaea in which a cell divides to form two identical organisms

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24
Q

biodiversity

A

the number and variety of organisms in any given ecosystem or biome

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25
bisexual
plants or animals that have both male and female reproductive structures on one individual
26
blood vessel
a hollow tube that carries blood throughout an organism's body
27
body column
the cylindrical body of an organism like Hydra (phylum Cnidaria)
28
body plan
in animals, the number of tissue layers in the body and the presence or absence of a coelom eg. tiploblasic coelomate body plan
29
budding
a type of asexual reproduction in plants and many primitive animals that is accomplished by the development of one or more outgrowths (buds) eg. Hydra of the phylum Cnidaria
30
capsule
1. a protective outer covering composed of polysaccharides found on many bacterial cells 2. the sporangium of a bryophyte (phylum Bryophyta)
31
carnivore
a consumer that eats animal tissues
32
carpel
the female reproductive organ which produces ovules that contain the female gametophytes in flowering plants (phylum Anthophyta)
33
cell membrane (or plasma membrane)
the membrane that separates a cell's contents from the surrounding environment and regulates passage of substances into and out off the cell
34
cell wall
a relatively rigid layer found immediately outside the cell membrane in bacteria, archaea, plants, fungi and some protists provides support and protection for the cell
35
cephalization
the localization of sensory structures and nervous tissue in the anterior region of an animal
36
chitin
a tough polysaccharide which is found in the cell walls of fungi and some protists and in the exoskeletons of arthropods used for support and prevention of dessication
37
chloroplast
a chlorophyll-containing organelle were photosynthesis occurs found only photosynthetic eukaryotes such as plant and algal protists
38
chromosome
a structure in a cell consisting of DNA (prokaryotes) or DNA and associated proteins (eukaryotes)
39
circulatory system
a continuous series of vessels or spaces in animals that transports fluids and dissolved solutes throughout an organisms body supplies all parts of the body with oxygen and food and promptly removes waste products
40
clitellum
a structure in some annelid worms that aids in sexual reproduction
41
cnidoblast
a structure in some annelid worms that aids in sexual reproduction
42
coccus
spherical bacterium
43
coelom
in animals, a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded entirely by mesoderm
44
colonial
an organization of individual cells living together which may interact in mutually advantageous ways in colonial organisms there is generally minimal division of labor between cells and minimal communication between cells in the colony
45
colony
1. a localized population of microorganisms (eg. bacteria) derived from a single cell 2. a group of cells or organisms of the same species generally dependent of each other to some degree and containing cells or individuals that may have specialized functions
46
cone
a reproductive structure which produce spores in the phylum Lycopodiophyta and pollen or ovules/seeds in the phylum Coniferophyta
47
conjugation in bacteria
when two cells join together using pili and transfer or exchange genetic information
48
conjugation
in some protists and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction involving two cells of one species joining together and exchanging DNA or combining cell contents to produce a zygote
49
consumer
an organism that feeds on other living organisms | eg. carnivore, herbivore, omnivore
50
contractile vacuole
a membrane-bound organelle involved in osmoregulation in animal-like protists eg. Amoeba and Paramecium and freshwater sponges (phylum Porifera)
51
cotyledon
part of the embryo in the seeds of seed plants | used for food storage or early food production by photosynthesis during germination of the seed
52
crop
an expansion of the anterior end of the gut where food is digested or stored
53
cuticle
non-living secretion forming a waterproof barrier on the exterior of some plants and animals
54
cytoplasm
the contents of a cell contained by the cell membrane
55
cytoplasmic streaming
the movement of cytoplasm within a cell | used to circulate cell contents to distribute food and remove waster and for movement by Amoeba
56
decomposer
a heterotrophic organism which obtains its energy by breaking down dead organic material by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion a saprobe eg. bacteria, fungi and some protists
57
detritivore
an organism which obtains its energy from dead organic material by first ingesting, the digesting it eg. earthwor, maggots
58
dicot
a type of flowering plant with two cotyledons within the seed
59
digestive cavity
an internal body cavity in an animal in which food is stored and digested
60
digestive tract
a tubular passage that extends from the mouth to the anus in an animal in which food is stored and digested
61
diploblastic
a type of body plan with only two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm
62
diploid
a cell or organism which has two sets of chromosomes
63
domain
in classifications, the level above Kingdom

Bio121 Lab (2 decks)

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