BIO1101 - Module 4 Flashcards
Module 4 - What understanding do genetics provide us with?
How traits are passed down from generation to generation.
Module 4 - What are the two critical processes of the cell cycle?
i) Replications of cells genetic material
ii) Cellular division
Module 4 - What is the process of cellular replication called?
Mitosis
Module 4 - What are the two major classes of cellular reproduction?
i) Asexual reproduction - Results in cells identical to the parent cells
ii) Sexual reproduction - Results in mixing of the genetic material and thus cells that differ from the parent cells
Module 4 - The cell cycle allows _____ organisms (e.g. bacteria) to divide and reproduce and allows ______ organisms to grow and develop from fertilized eggs.
The cell cycle allows unicellular organisms (e.g. bacteria) to divide and reproduce and allows multicellular organisms to grow and develop from fertilized eggs.
Module 4 - In eukaryotes, which have very large genomes, the genetic material (DNA) is packaged in linear chromosomes which allows easier replication and distribution. Each chromosome is made up of chromatin.
What is chromatin?
DNA + protein
Module 4 - What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes?
i) Somatic cells are the normal cells of the body. In humans, somatic cells have 46 chromosomes.
ii) Gametes are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells). They have 23 chromosomes.
When sexual reproduction occurs, and two gametes (sperm and egg) fuse, the number of chromosome is restored to 46.
Module 4 - The cell cycle incorporates stages for both _____ growth and ______.
The cell cycle incorporates stages for both cellular growth and replication.
Module 4 - What are the 5 distinct stages of mitosis?
i) Prophase
ii) Prometaphase
iii) Metaphase
iv) Anaphase
v) Telophase / cytokinesis
Module 4 - Explain prophase
Step 1 - In the nucleus, chromatin fibres condense so chromosomes become visible, consisting of identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
The mytotic spindle begins to form in the cytoplasm and centrosomes begin to move apart to either end of the cell.
Module 4 - Explain Prometaphase
Step 2 - The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate, allowing microtubules to attach at the kinetochore.
The spindle extend from each polar centrosome towards the cells equator. Not all spindle fibres attach to chromosomes however.
Module 4 - Explain metaphase
Step 3 - Chromosomes move towards the centre of the cell and centromeres of all chromosomes line up equidistant from either pole.
Module 4 - Explain anaphase
Step 4 - Paired sister chromosomes split apart to allow individual chromosomes to move to opposite ends of the cell, ensuring that each new cell later ends up with one copy of the duplicated chromosome.
Chromosomes dragged apart by kinetochore microtubules. Poles of the cell move further apart, making cell oval shaped.
Module 4 - Explain Telophase / cytokinesis
Step 5 - Cell further elongates. Daughter nuclei begin to form at the two poles. Nuclear membranes begin to form around the chromosomes. Nucleoli reappear. Chromosomes become less condensed and harder to see. Cell cleaves into two daughter parts (cytokinesis).
Module 4 - What are the 3 important ways that meiosis allows genetic variation to be produced?
i) Independent assortment of chromosomes
ii) Crossing over (homologuous recombination)
iii) Random fertilisation