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A&P 241 LECTURE > BIO106 FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

BIO106 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

**

What’s the difference between large and small animals in terms of energy requirements?

A

Large animals eat more food, produce more waste. It also takes them longer to mature and reproduce.

Smaller animals lose heat and water more rapidly. They have a higher metabollic rate.
Smaller animals have a larger surface area to volume ratio than larger animals so they lose more heat.

SMALL animals require MORE energy than large animals.

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2
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

It is the ability to maintain a stable internal enviornement.

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3
Q

what is a homeostatic system? What energy is required?

A

A homeostatic system are negative feedback loops and composed of a sensor, integrator and effector.

ATP is the form of energy required for the system to function.

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4
Q

what factors must be regulated in biological organisms?

A

body temperature, pH, blood sugar, blood pressure, response to external stimuli, circadian rythms, allosteric and hormonal regulation of glycolysis, mitochondria regulation,

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5
Q

What is a set point?

A

The set point of a system is a normal target value for a variable.

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6
Q

What are the 3 components of a homeostatic system?

A

Sensor, Integrator, Effector
Example: blood sugar regulation
sensor = pancreas (receptors)
integrator = pancreatic beta cells
effector = insulin

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7
Q

BONUS QUESTSTION: what is the name of Dr. Marcec’s cat?

A

betty

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8
Q

What are the total energy expenditure factors?
How do they relate to homeostasis?

A

Resting metabollic rate (RMR): referring to body’s basic functions
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): referring to ones daily activities.
Calories burned during exercise
Thermic effect of food (TEF): when we eat
All 4 factors relate to homeostasis because they all represent negative feedback loops that regulate our bodily functions to maintain our internal enviornment.

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9
Q

what are the regulating factors in allosteric regulation of glycolysis & cellular respiration?

A

Allosteric regulation refers to the activity of an enzyme that’s being modulated by the binding of a regulatory molecule at a site that isn’t the active site on the enzyme.

In terms of glycolysis a high concentration of allosteric inhibitors will stop enzyme activity. High levels of glycolysis products will inhibit the enzymes from continuing to breakdown glucose.

phosphofructokinase is an enzyme that can be inhibited.
This is direct regulation.

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10
Q

what are the regulating factors in hormonal regulation of glycolysis & cellular respiration?

A

Hormones such as insulin and glucagon are produced by the pancreas and are sensed by cells through receptors on plasma
membrane, activating regulatory pathways.
Insulin promotes glycolysis as it uptakes glucose into cells.
Glucagon promotes glycogenesis in liver so it can release glucose to be a substrate in glycolisis later on
This is indirect regulation.

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11
Q

when is it necessary to use glucogenesis pathway?

A

The glucogenesis pathway is the opposite of glycolysis. It is used when blood glucose levels are low and the body has to use its reserves within the liver to produce suffiecient glucose within the body.

Usually occurs during starvation or other energy deprived situations.

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12
Q

Why do we get angry when we are hungry?

A

We get angry when we are hungry because our blood glucose levels drop, causing our bodies to go on alert mode (fight or flight). This paired with adrenaline and cortisol being released makes someone irritable.

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13
Q

What is the importance of body fat?

A

Body fat is important because:
it provides the most energy and is able to store it for later use
protects us from injury
absorbs vitamins very well
helps maintain our body temperature
synthesizes sterioid hormones
boosts satiety, improves cholestorol levels and helps our immune system

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14
Q

Where do we store our fat?

A

Body fat is stored within adipose tissue, making up our subcutaneous and visceral fat.
There are 3 type of adipocytes (fat cells)
White fat cells: are the most abundant, 1 fat droplet w/ few organelles. They store energy and insulate the body and cushions vital organs.
Found: underneath skin & internal organs
Beige fat cells: scattered amongst white adipocytes, sometimes generate heat
Found: within white adipose tissue
Brown fat cells: many fat droplets with many mitochondria. Prominent in fetal life and infancy.Generate heat.
Found: upperback & underneath clavicles

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15
Q

What is called when lipid metabolism is out of homeostasis? What are the causes?

A

It is called obesity.

Can be caused by an unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, obesity, genetic factors, etc.

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16
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of being an ecotherm or endotherm?

A

Ectotherms: depend on their surroundings to regulate body temp.
Advantages: can hibernate and have low metabollic rates
Disadvantages: limited to only living in certain locations, vulnerable to enviornmental changes
Endotherms: control body temp. regardless of external temp. by generating internal heat.
Advantages: great flexbiility to live anywhere
Disadvantages: high energy requirements, vulnerable to food scarcity

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17
Q

what are the benefits of studying hibernation?

A

It can help us research transplants, understand aging, life in space, food consumption and therapeutic hypothermia.

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18
Q

Why is oxygen a problem in aerobic organism?

A

reactive oxygen species are not good, but our cells keep them in check if not it can affect our immune system, if not then we could die from the excess oxygen.

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19
Q

What are the organelles and their functions in the secretory pathway? (There are 5)

A
  1. Golgi apparatus: processed and sorted into their final destinations
  2. Nucleus: Where the DNA comes from, DNA replication and transportation happen here (surrounded by ribosomes
    and the ER)
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Makes proteins and lipids, making sure proteins are folded correctly.
  4. Secretory vesicles: transport protein from one place to another inside the cell.
  5. Plasma membrane: Acts as the cellar broader and releases products outside the cell.
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20
Q

Why are muscles key to animal movement?

A

Muscles are key to movement because they amplify and coordinate energy expenditures at the molecular level, making possible work at many different levels.
Energy comes from ATP.

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21
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

There are 3 types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac & smooth).
Skeletal muscle pulls on bones, causing movements at the joints.
Smooth muscle supports wall of internal organs
Cardiac muscle in the heart pumps blood.
All protect, generate heat and aide in blood circulation.

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22
Q

What is the structure and function of SMOOTH muscle?

A

spindle shaped with non-striated unnucleated fibers
involved in involuntary movement.
it is found within walls of internal organs (GI tract, blood vessels, respiratory passages)

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23
Q

What is the structure and function of CARDIAC muscle?

A

striated & branched; fiborous cells lined with intercalcated discs (gap junctions)
involved in involuntray movements
It is found within the heart as it forms the thick middle layer.
Gap junctions link cardiac muscles so electrical impulses can travel through (ions flowing btwn cells). This starts with the depolarization of Ca2+
*calcium is necessary for muscle movement

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24
Q

What is the structure and function of SKELETAL muscle?

A

straited cells with myosin and actin fibers organized
they have lots of nuclie and mitochondria

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25
Q

What’s the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

A

Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles, as they under conscious control.
Involuntary muscles are smooth and cardiac, they do not work under conscious control.

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26
Q

What are the three muscle energy use classifications?

A

Type 1 slow oxidative
fibers: small
Contractile speed: slow
Rate of fatgiue: slow

**Type 2A fast oxidative glycolytic **
fibers: medium
contractile speed: fast
rate of fatigue: intermediate

Type 2B fast oxidative glycolytic
fibers: large
contractile speed: fast
rate of fatigue: fast

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27
Q

What is Dr.Marcec’s favorite color?

A

Blue

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28
Q

What is a sacromere made out of?
What motor proteins are involved?

A

They are made out of actin and myosin.
myosin heads are braided together to create a thick filament
Actin is attached to z-discs; connects filaments end to end, giving something to pull against. Actin is a thin filament.

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29
Q

What is the use of ATP in muscle movement in terms of kinetic and potential energy?

A

ATP is used in muscle movement and it works as potential energy and when converted to ADP it is kinetic energy.

atp = pe
adp = ke

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30
Q

Describe vesicle trafficking

A
  1. Transported to their specific destination by motor proteins
  2. Docked by SNARE proteins
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31
Q

Describe the motor proteins kinesin and dynein, and compare and contrast.

A

-Kinesin walks towards
the positive end of the
microtubule bridge.

-Dynein along the
negative end.

-Both Kinesin and Dynein use ATP

32
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeleton filaments?

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filaments
33
Q

What is a signal peptide and what is its function?

A

-A signal peptide prompts a cell to translocate the protein. This is important for the function to be able to perform.

34
Q

Define/describe translocation from the nucleus to the ER.

A
  • The translocation from the nucleus to the ER is like a delivery system with the help of a signal peptide that guides the proteins to the ER to process and develop.
35
Q

What is the difference between the Smooth vs. Rough and its functions?

A

-Rough ER: studded with millions of
membrane-bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins.

-Smooth ER: Largely associated with
lipid (fat) manufacture for membranes and metabolism and steroid productionhormone production. Also, a detoxification function and all lipid membranes for new organelles are made here!

36
Q

What is a chaperone?

A

-A chaperone is what helps a protein to fold correctly and prevent it from making mistakes so it can maintain order.

37
Q

what are the faces of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Cis faces close to the
    rough ER (receives “Mail”)
  2. Trans face by the
    plasma membrane (sends out finished products)

-Sorted and transported to the destination

38
Q

What is a lysosome? What are its functions?

A

-A lysosome is a cell garbage processing cell.

Functions:
-Dispose of proteins via
protease enzymes and lipids
-Sense “activated”
garbage via receptor
proteins.
-Dispose of dysfunctional organelles
like mitochondria and foreign substances like bacteria and viruses.

39
Q

Where does the ATP come from in DNA replication?

A

-The DNA replication comes from the breaking of the high energy bond within dNTPs and ATP provides some of these phosphate groups. The energy released builds new DNA strands.

40
Q

Describe the use of ATP for potential and kinetic energy exchange in motor protein movement.

A

-For the motor protein to move it needs the ATP which releases the stored energy which converts to PE which powers the movement.

41
Q

Why are bones necessary for muscle movement?

A

Bones are important because they work together to create body movement.
Muscle pull on bone when they contract and shorten and they work in pairs!

42
Q

How do things without bones use muscles?

A

organisms that don’t have bones are able to move because they use also use myosin and actin filaments.

Example: bacteria are made of actin and get their energy from ATP synthase to power their movement.

43
Q

How do plants use motor proteins use motor proteins for movement?

A

Plants use actin and myosin during cytoplasmic streaming. Actin filaments line the cell creating a border and myosin moves organelles and vesicles along the actin.

44
Q

What does Dr. Marcec mean when plants “cheat” in terms of movement?

A

Plants are able to move without the use of energy because of tropism.
Tropism: growth towards or away from an enviornmental stimuli
Plants use phototropism, which is the movement of part of the plant in response to light.
Positive phototropism: stem grows toward the light
Negative phototropism: roots grows away from the light
Auxin (hormone) promotes plant growth, so wherever part it is located and transported to, the plant will grow accordingly.

45
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative PSI?

A

couldn’t find answer

46
Q

what was the first multicellular organism to colonize the land?

A

Ferns were the first plant to evolve a vascular system, seed bearing, flowering plants

47
Q

What’s the difference between xylem and phloem?

A

Xylem:
Transports water and minerals in upward flow
Transport is BULK flow due to (-) pressure
Is hollow dead cells and have no end walls
they form center of vascular bundle
rich in lingin (wood)
xylem cells grow to full size and die

Phloem:
Transports sugars (also amino acids/ mRNA/ hormones) in a 2-way flow using osmosis & turgor pressure
They are live cells w/no nucleus & has perforated end walls
Forms outside edge of vascular bundle

48
Q

what is lingin? why is it important for plant water transport?

A

Lingin is wood
It is water-proof, strong and forms pits allowing water to pass through adjacent cells

49
Q

what is dicot? what is monocot?

A

they are 2 different types of stems
dicot: vascular bundles are on the edge of the stem.
monocot: vascular bundles are spread out throughout the stem.

50
Q

How do plants “move”?

A

They move using cytoplasmic streaming.
This could also refer to osmosis or turgor pressure.
Plants use plasmodesmata to purposely change turgor pressure to direct growth
This is regulated in animals by drinking and transporting water in the blood
Hypertonic = cell is plasmolyzed (shrinks)
Isotonic = cell is flacid (normal)
hypotonic = cell is turgid (swollen)

51
Q

who discovered phototropism and auxin?

A

Charles Darwin

52
Q

what is the problem with plants in space?

A

*there’s some reason that plants overgrow within space craft and they have to be contained in titanium crates.

53
Q

what music do plants like to listen to?

A

plants can’t listen to music, they can only percieve sound vibrations. When the vibrations are too intense they grow away from it.

54
Q

What is Ecology?

A

The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment, and the balances between these relationships

55
Q

What are the different fields in ecological studies?

A
  • global ecology
  • landscape ecology
  • ecosystem ecology
  • community ecology
  • population ecology
  • organismal ecology
56
Q

What is biotic factor

A

Living things within an ecosystem (ex. plants, animals , etc.)

57
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

Non-living components in an ecosystem (ex. sunlight, air, etc.)

58
Q

What THREE things in terms of energy are required for life to exist?

A
  1. Source of carbon - building organic molecules
  2. Source of Energy
  3. electron donors and acceptors - - drive redox reactions to make more energy
59
Q

Ecological system from the perspective of energy usage flow chart

A
  1. Abiotic chemicals
    -heat is released
  2. Goes to producers - direct input of solar energy
    -heat is released
  3. Goes to Consumers
    -heat is released
  4. Goes to decomposers
    • heat is released
      STARTS OVER
60
Q

Who is Miller and what did he show in his work

A

-Miller was a scientist who made important experiments.
-His experiment provides evidence that early Earth’s environment would spontaneously create organic molecules
-Alanine, glycine, urea, lactic acid and ribose were formed form his experiments

61
Q

Where did life begin as far as we can tell

A

It’s believed life was born deep beneath the sea

62
Q

what is the order of energetic processes in evolution and how did they develop

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Cellular Respiration
    Could not find how they developed
63
Q

what two evolutionary innovations began our current energy cycle

A
  1. New pigment molecules
    • type 1 reaction center: P840 replaced by P700
    • type 2 reaction center: P870 replaced by P680
    • shorter wavelengths have more energy
    • P680 has higher reduction potential than O2. it can oxidize water
  2. Cyanobacteria combined the two different reaction center types
64
Q

was oxidizing water good for all living things

A

No, most organisms can’t survive in a world with O2

65
Q

what energy requirements were required for endosymbiosis to occur

A

Glycolysis and photosynthesis maybe cellular respiration i’m not 100% you might want to act check but I couldn’t find anything on this

66
Q

two mass extinctions. why did they occur in terms of energetic imbalance

A
  1. Permian-Triassic Extinction: Deadliest extinction in history 96% of all life perished. Volcanic eruption caused a phH imbalance making Earth an acidic waste land
  2. Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: Wiped out all dinosaurs and 70-76% of all life. An astroid hit Earth blocking light and heat causing violent alters to the environment.
67
Q

Recognize the flow of carbon through a food chain flow chart

A
  1. Carbon from CO2 is used to create sugar molecule in leaf of plant
  2. Sugar molecule is transported to growing stem which makes carbon part of cellulose molecule in cell wall
  3. Plant is eaten by cow. Carbon is now in cow’s digestive system
  4. Carbon can either be emitted into air through as CO2, egested or part of cow’s muscle protein
  5. Cow is eaten. Carbon atom is now in Human’s digestive system to be used as muscle protein or emitted as CO2
  6. Carbon is exhaled back to plant as cellular respiration waste
  7. Carbon molecule is dead. broken down by fungus then reintroduced to soil.
    STARTS OVER
68
Q

food chain vs food web

A

Food Chain: represent specific energy transfers (single linear pathway)
Food Web: Combine multiple food chains made of several interconnecting pathways

69
Q

Define: Producer, consumer and decomposer (trophs)

A

Producer: Organisms that can make their own food and are eaten by other organisms (plants and algae) They are AUTOTROPHS
Decomposers: Organisms that turn organic waste (dead plants and animals) into inorganic materials (nutrient rich soil) they are SAPROTROPHS
Consumers: (organisms that have to hunt, gather and eat their food (omnivores, carnivores and herbivores) they are HETEROTROPHS

70
Q

how do we calculate productivity in food chains and ecological systems

A

The rate at which solar energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis
-Gross primary productivity (GPP): total rate of energy fixation through photosynthesis
-Net primary productivity (NPP): rate of production of new plant biomass. energy that is available) (more important)
NPP = GPP - (maintenance and respiration)

71
Q

what percentage of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next? why is this so inefficient?

A

Only about 10% of stored energy through biomass is transferred from one level to the next. It’s inefficient because not all organisms at lower trophic are eaten by higher trophic animals, and when some organisms are lost in predator’s feces.

72
Q

where do most of the environmental impact of human food production come from

A

monocultures

73
Q

How much land on this planet is devoted to agriculture

A

29% is used for food production

74
Q

what is green revolution? what problems did it solve? what problems did it create? list three things biologist are currently doing to help solve these problems

A

The green revolution happened in the 1940’s and it is when traditional methods of cross breeding plants were combined with desirable traits.
It was primarily focused on wheat / corn / rice because they were high yielding crops
2 billion people were saved from satrvation, but then the population doubled
Crops were easier to monoculture because they were shorter, had more shoots and more seeds
Monoculturing these crops required lots of nitrogen, so there was a major influx on the industrialization of nitrogen production.
The plants use ammonia to derive nitrogen from there
Scientists Haper and Boch invented a way to industrially produce ammonia
Green revolution also mechanized farming; allowing people to move to the city and have special vocations
PROBLEMS CREATED: the idea of industrially produce ammonia created a problem because Haper and Bach had the idea to use nitrogen from explosive factories and airplane production lines to produce ammonia. This resulted in the use of 5% of the planets fossil fuels. Ammonia is then shot into the ground, which is a high energy and unsustainable solution.

75
Q

monoculture vs polyculture advantages and disadvantages

A

Polyculture
advantages:
soli-nutrient available species may have different strategies to mobolize nutrients
pathogen and pest susceptibility is different
legume can supply nitrogen
root depth for water access and improved soil structure
disadvantages:
growth rates and optimal harvest dates can differ
specialist equipment may be needed
competition for resources
one species may host pathogens
monitorin more than one species at a time to keep up w/needs

Monoculture:
advantage: allows us to feed 8 billion people because it is high yeilding
disadvantage: it is unsustainable

A&P 241 LECTURE (4 decks)

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