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Biology Final > Bio week 8 > Flashcards

Bio week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA spelled out

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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1
Q

DNA definition

A

a polymer of nucleotides that serves as genetic information

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1
Q

nucleic acid

A

complex molecules that store and transfer information within a cell; large polymers (complex molecules made of monomers) made of repeating units called nucleotides

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1
Q

uses of nucleic acid

A
  1. store information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms
  2. direct the synthesis of proteins essential to the operation of the cell or organism
  3. chemically change (mutate) genetic characteristics that are transmitted to the future generations
  4. replicate prior to reproduction by directing the manufacturing of copies of itself
    - a cell’s ability to make a particular protein comes from the genetic information stored in the cell’s DNA
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1
Q

processes that genetic information controls…

A
  1. the digestion and metabolism of nutrients and the elimination of waste
  2. repair and assembly of cell parts
  3. reproduction of healthy off spring
  4. ability to control when and how to react to environmental changes
  5. coordination and regulation of all life’s essential functions
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1
Q

nucleotide

A

fundamental subunit of nucleic acid constructed of a:phosphate group. a sugar, an organic nitrogenous base

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2
Q

sugar found in nucleotides

A

deoxyribose in DNA

ribose in RNA

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3
Q

nitrogenous bases and the base pairing rules

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
RNA Adenine - Uracil

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4
Q

DNA replication

A

the process by which a cell makes copies of its DNA
Steps:1. enzyme called “heliacases” attach to DNA and separate the strands forming a “replication bubble”
2. enzyme “DNA Polymerase” helps attach new incoming nucleotides to the exposed strand according to the base pairing rule.
3. in prokaryotic cells, this process starts at one spot: origin of replication. In eukaryotic cells it starts simultaneously in different places

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5
Q

DNA code

A

the order of the nitrogenous bases is the genetic information to form the proteins. Each sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases is a code word for a single amino acid.proteins are strings of a few to a thousand amino acids.

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6
Q

RNA spelled out

A

ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

RNA definition

A

a polymer of nucleotides formed on the template surface of DNA by transcription
3 forms: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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8
Q

RNA function

A

RNA is made in the nucleus by DNA then moves to the cytoplasm to construct (within the ribosome) proteins.

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9
Q

Steps in Protein Synthesis

A
  1. Transcription

2. translation

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10
Q

transcription

A

process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA.

RNA polymerase “reads” sequence of DNA nitrogenous bases and uses base pairing rules to build new sequence of RNA

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11
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that attaches to DNA moving along strand until locating a “promoter sequence” indicating a “protein coding region” of the strand

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12
Q

coding strand

A

the part of the separated DNA strand with in the replication bubble used for coding.

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13
Q

termination sequence

A

nucleotide sequences indicating when RNA polymerase should stop replicating the gene

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14
Q

mRNA

A

carries the blueprint for making the necessary protein

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15
Q

tRNA

A

transfers a specific amino acid into the ribosome for assembly into a protein

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16
Q

rRNA

A

a clover leaf globule of RNA which is part of the ribosome

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17
Q

translation

A

the process of using the information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids together

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18
Q

codon

A

a set of 3 nucleotides that codes for the placement of a specific amino acid

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19
Q

initiation

A

protein synthesis begins with the small ribosomal subunit binding to the mRNA and moving along until it finds the AUG codon. Then tRNA places MET to the AUG codon on the mRNA and continues placing aminos according to the base pairing rule. This process continues (elongation) until “termination” when the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA.

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20
Q

nearly universal genetic code

A

nearly all cells (bacteria, acrchae, plant and animal) use NDA to store genetic information and nearly all use the same codons and same amino acids to form proteins. All eukaryotic cells do this in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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21
Q

histome

A

protein attached to DNA in highly organized pattern

22
Q

nucleosomes

A

histome clusters with tightly coiled DNA

23
Q

nucleoproteins

A

DNA strand with attached protein that become visible during cell division

24
Q

chromatin

A

tightly coiled DNA referred to as a chromosome - so tightly coiled that the promoter sequence is tightly bound and RNA polymerase cannot attach and replicate it.

25
Q

sporophyte generation

A

diploid and has plant parts in which meiosis takes place to produce haploid spores

26
Q

gametophyte generation

A

is haploid and develops structures that produce gametes:eggs and sperm. produced by mitosis.

27
Q

non vascular plant characteristics

A
  1. They lack vascular tissue.
  2. they do not have true roots or leaves.
  3. gametophyte generation is the most prominent part of the life cycle.
  4. sperm swim to the egg.
28
Q

two main functions of stems

A
  1. support the leaves.

2. transport raw materials from the roots to the leaves and manufactured food from the leaves to the roots.

29
Q

seedless vascular plant characteristics

A
  1. have vascular tisse.
  2. (most) have roots, stems and leaves.
  3. sporophyte generation is the most porminent part of the life cycle.
  4. sperm swims to the egg.
  5. they do not have seeds
30
Q

proprioception

A

where your limbs are in space

31
Q

nutrients

A

all the molecules required to support living things

32
Q

nutrition

A

branch of science that seeks to understand food also Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Assimilation

33
Q

Ingestion

A

process of taking food into the body through eating

34
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex food molecules to simpler molecules

35
Q

absorption

A

movement of simple molecules form the digestive system to the circulatory system for dispersal throughout the body

36
Q

assimilation

A

the modification and incorporation of absorbed molecules into the structure of the organism

37
Q

diet

A

food and drink consumed by a person from day to day

38
Q

kilocalorie

A

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree C

39
Q

calorie

A

amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree C

40
Q

Calorie (with a capital C)

A

shorthand for kilocalerie or dietary calorie, but not a calorie (lowercase c)

41
Q

dietary fiber functions

A

cellulose and other complex carbohydrates that are indigestible. slows the absorption of sugars which helps to regulate the level of glucose in the blood. provides bulk to the intestine and stimulates peristalsis. retains water in the intestine reducing the incidence of constipation. can also reduce the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine and thus lower cholesterol in the blood.

42
Q

fat functions

A

primary long-term energy-storage molecules. release 9 Calories per gram compared to 4 Calories per gram for carbs or protein. some vitamins only soluble in fat.

43
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,and K

44
Q

complete protein

A

contain all the amino acids required by the body and necessary for good health

45
Q

incomplete proteins

A

lack certain amino acids that the body must have to build essential protiens

46
Q

essential amino acids

A

aminos the body cannot manufacture

47
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein-deficiency disease. symptoms: distended belly, slow growth, slow movement, emotionally depressed. can lead to brain damage

48
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules needed in small amounts to maintain essential metabolic activities. cannot be manufactured by the body.

49
Q

coenzymes

A

some vitamins that are involved as participants in many metabolic reactions and incorporated into the structure of enzymes

50
Q

free radicals

A

produced during normal metabolic processes. extremely reactive and can combine with and alter the structure of important molecules in the cell.

51
Q

vitamins that neutralize the effects of free radicals

A

A, C, E

52
Q

minerals

A

elements found in nature that cannot be synthesized by the body.

53
Q

function of minerals

A

regulators, activators, transmitters and controllers of various enzymatic reactions

54
Q

osteoporosis

A

calcium deficiency disease in older adults tied to diet. calcium needs vit D and exercise to be absorbed by body

55
Q

what percentage of the human body is water?

A

65%

56
Q

what percentage of dense bone tissue is water

A

33%

57
Q

obesity

A

condition of being overweight to the extent that a person’s health, quality of life and life span are adversly affected

58
Q

bulimia

A

a disease condition in which a person engages in a cycle of eating binges followed by fasting or purging the body of the food by inducing vomiting.

59
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

nutritional deficiency disease characterized y severe prolonged weight loss as a result of voluntary sever restriction of food intake

Biology Final (3 decks)

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