Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Final > Bio week 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Bio week 11 & 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heart murmurs

A

malfunctioning heart valves which cause abnormal sounds as blood leaks the wrong way through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood into the heart at the right atrium. When the atrial pressure is greater than the ventrical pressure the AV valve oepns and blood flows into the right ventricle. Once the right ventricle fills up, it contracts and the blood flows up the pulmonary artery to the lungs and gets oxygegnated. Oxygenated blood comes through the plumonary vein into left atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

superior vena cava

A

carries blood from the shoulders and up into the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

inferior vena cava

A

carries blood from the part of the body below the heart into the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart - always oxygenated (except for the pulmonary artery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart - always deoxygenated (except for the pulmonary vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pulmonary artery

A

only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pulmonary vein

A

only vein that carreis oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

systemic sirculation

A

when left atrium is full of blood from the lung via the pulmonary artery it is pumped throught the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle it is pumped through the semi lunar valve into the aorta.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body, travels from heart to abdomen. Above the diaphragm is called thoracic aorta, below the diaphragm called abdominal aorta - branches off to everywhere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

a measure of the pressue against the arterial wall of the ventricular contraction and the ventricular relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

arterioles

A

contract or relax to regulate the flow of blood to specific parts of the body. have a smooth muscle coating around their walls so they can constrict to push blood up or constict to decrease flow. ie in case of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

veins

A

collect blood from the capillaries and return it to the heart. pressure in veins is very low.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

varicose veins

A

result when the veins contain fulty valves which do not allow the efficient return of lbood to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

capillaries

A

tiny, thin walled tubes that receive blood from arterioles, their function is to assist in the exchange of materials between the blood and cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

capillary wall

A

consists of a single layer of cells presenting only a thin barrier to the diffusion of materials between the blood and the cells in the surrounding tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphatic system

A

collection of lumph organs and vessels that 1) move fat from the intestinal tract to the bloodsteram 2)transport excess tissue fluid bakc to the cardiovascula system 3)defend against harmful agenst sucha as bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lymph

A

tissue fluid that moves through the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

edema

A

a swelling of tissue due to a build up of lymph or increased capillary permeability as result of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

five types of lymph organs

A

1) lymph nodes 2) tonsils 3) spleen 4) thymus 5) red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

the plasma that diffuses through the capillary walls to bath the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lymph nodes

A

small encapsulated bodies found along the lymph vessels containing a large number of white blood cells; macrophages and lymphocytes to remove microorganisms and foreign particles from the lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that moves air into and out of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

organs of the respiratory system

A

lungs, trachea, air-transport pathway, diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lungs

A

organs that allow gas exchange to take place between the air and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

trachea

A

single large diameter tube supported by cartilage rings that brings air from the mouth and nose into the lungs via bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

bronchi

A

two branches of the trachea, one for each lung, supported by cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

bronchioles

A

smooth muscle tubes branching of from the bronchi, capable of constricting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

alveoli

A

clusters of tiny sacs of the bronchioles where the exchange of gases between the air and blood take place. only one cell thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

breathing

A

process of moving air in and out of the lungs. we absorb oxygen by diffusion, the air coming into our lungs is high in O while the blood entering the lungs is low in O. CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is expelled via exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular organ that separates the chest cavity form the abdominal cavity. it lowers and raises during breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

intercostal muscles

A

located between the ribs, aids in inhalation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

exhalation

A

is accomplished by the chest wall and diaphragm simply relaxing and returning to normal positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

digestive system

A

organ system responsible for the processing and distribution of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

digestion

A

consists of mechanical processing, chemical processing and nutrient uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

mechanical processing

A

chewing to grind food particles into small pieces and increase their surface area and adding water to the food to further disperse the particles and provide the watery environment needed for the chemical processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Saliva

A

lubricates the oral cavity and helps bind food before swallowing. also contains the enzyme SALIVARY AMYLASE which begins the chemical breakdown of starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bolus

A

food you out in your mouth, formed by the tongue and moved to the back of the oral cavity for swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of issue that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing preventing food from entering the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

three tiny bones of the ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

gastric juice

A

added to the food in the stomach containing enxymes and hydrochloric acid. has a low, very acid ph of 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

pepsin

A

major enzyme in gastic joice which initiates the chemica lbreakdown of protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

chyme

A

thourohgly mixed liquid in your stomach after digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine which regulates the release of food from the stomach and the release of secretions from the pancreas and liver

45
Q

pancreas

A

produces a number of digestive enzymes and secerts large amounst of bicorbonate ions to neutralize the acids that enter from the stomach to make ph of 8

46
Q

bile

A

secretion from the liver that assists mechanical processing by breaking large fat globules into smaller particles

46
Q

emulsification

A

the proicess by which the small fat particles broken down by bile is washed away, takes place in the duodenum

47
Q

three types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

48
Q

gallbaldder

A

sores the bile secreted by the liver and releases it into the duodenum

49
Q

large intestine

A

home to a variety of bacteria some harmful like ecoli, some of which provid additional benefit by producing vitamins, also assists with reabsorption of liquid

50
Q

villi

A

finger like projections that line the surface of the intestinal track and increase the surface area.

51
Q

microvilli

A

the surface area of each villi is coverd with microvilli, increasing the surface area even more

52
Q

lacteal

A

a branch of the lymphatic system which utilizes the massive surface area of the villi of the intestine to efficiently uptak nutrients from the gut to the circulatory system

53
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

the vein by which NUTRIENT RICH blood flows directly from the small intestine to the liver.

54
Q

negative-feedback inhibition

A

negative-feedback inhibition, a mechanism in which an increase in the output of a reaction causes a decrease in the stimulus, which eventually causes a decrease in the output

55
Q

positive-feedback regulation

A

stimulus causes a response that leads to an even stronger stimulus

56
Q

negative and positive feedback control

A

Negative-feedback control occurs when the response to a stimulus inhibits the stimulus, thus reducing the response. Positive-feedback happens when a response to a stimulus causes an increase in the stimulus which further increases the response.

57
Q

neuron or nerve cell

A

basic unit of the nervous system

58
Q

nervous system

A

consists of a network of cells, with fibrous extensions, that carry information along specific pathways from one part of the body to another.

59
Q

soma

A

the nerve cell body, contains the nucleus

60
Q

two kinds of nerve fibers?

A

axons and dendrites

61
Q

axon

A

a nerve fiber that carries information away from the nerve cell body (most nerve cells have one)

62
Q

dendrite

A

a nerve fiber that carries information to the nerve cell body (most nerve cells have many)

63
Q

central nervous system consists of?

A

brain and spinal cord

64
Q

spinal cord

A

is a collection of nerve cells and nerve fibers surrounded by the vertebrae that conveys information to and from the brain

65
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

is located outside the skull and spinal column; it consists of bundles of long axons and dendrites called nerves.

66
Q

sensory neurons have?

A

long dendrites that carry input from sense organs to the central nervous system.

67
Q

motor neurons carry?

A

messages from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

68
Q

Motor neurons have?

A

one long axon that runs from the spinal cord to a muscle or gland

69
Q

Polarization of cell membranes

A

this is how a nerve impulse travels: cell membrane is depolarized allowing the Na+ to flow into the cell through the membrane. This increase in Na+ encourages the next cell to depolarize and the impulse is passed.

70
Q

synapse

A

the space between the fibers of adjacent neurons in a chain

71
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a molecule that is released into the synapse from the axon to bind to a specific receptor site on the dendrite. When enough neurotransmitters have bound to the dendrite an impulse is initiated.

72
Q

Three types of neurotransmitters:

A

dopamine, epinephrine, acetylcholine

73
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

an enzyme that destroys acetylcholine and prevents it from occupying receptors

74
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the space between the axon and the dendrite

75
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls fundamental activities such as blood pressure, breathing and heart rate.

76
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination of muscle activity

77
Q

pons

A

controls many sensory and mortor function of the sense organs of the head and face

78
Q

thalamus

A

provides a level of awareness in determining pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and is involved in sleep and arousal

79
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved in regulating sleep cycles and emotions:anger, fear, pleasure, hunger, sexual response and pain. also water balance, temperature and blood pressure

80
Q

cerebrum

A

thinking part of the brain; memory, language

81
Q

endocrine glands are

A

glands that have no ducts. They secret HORMONES into the circulatory system. (endo - dead end)

82
Q

exocrine glands are

A

digestive and sweat glands that empty their contents through ducts. (exo-exit)

83
Q

Five kinds of taste

A

sweet sour salt bitter umami

84
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

the lining of the nasal cavity which responds to smells by binding molecules to specific receptors

85
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive layer on the back of the eye

86
Q

rods

A

receptors sensitive to a broad range of wavelengths of light and are responsible for black and white vision. found on the retina. not located in the center (fovea centralis)

87
Q

cones

A

receptors, less sensitive than rods, but detect different wavelengths, found throughout the retina but concentrated in the fovea centralis. gives us the ability to detect color.

88
Q

fovea centralis

A

area of most acute vision located in center of retina

90
Q

rhodopsin

A

pigment found in rods, decomposes when struck by light

90
Q

sound is produced by

A

vibration of molecules

92
Q

tympanum

A

ear drum

93
Q

the malleus, incus and stapes vibrate the

A

oval window

94
Q

the oval window is in the

A

choclea, which is snail shaped

95
Q

the oval window vibrates the

A

basilar membrane and hair cells

96
Q

the basilar membrane vibrates

A

hair cells

97
Q

attached to the cochlea and responsible for balance

A

semicircular canals

98
Q

semicircular canals

A

contain small particles the register where the head is in relation to gravity. important in maintaining balance

99
Q

what type of muscle is voluntary

A

skeletal

100
Q

atrophy

A

degeneration of muscle due to a prolonged inactivity

101
Q

excretory system

A

organ system responsible for the processing and elimination of metabolic waste products; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

102
Q

Kidneys

A

primary organ involved in regulating the level of toxic or unnecessary molecules in the body

103
Q

nephrons

A

primary functional unit of the kidney

104
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

surrounds a knot of capillaries known as glomerulus

105
Q

glomerulus

A

knot of capillaries in the kidney which transfer glucose, amino acids and ions to the bowman’s capsule

106
Q

proximal convoluted tubule primarily responsible for

A

reabsorbing valuable materials from the fluid moving though it ; glucose, amino acids, sodium ions transported from the tubule back to the blood

107
Q

loop of henle primarily involved in

A

removing water from the nephron and actively transporting sodium ions from the nephron to the space between nephrons

108
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

regulates the transporting of water from the loop of henle, bodies are naturally diuretic, so this keeps us from loosing too much water

109
Q

distal convoluted tubule is primarily involved in

A

regulates pH and ion concentration by secreting and regulating the loss of Hydrogen ions, Sodium ions, Chloride ions, potassium ions and ammonium ions

Biology Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions