Bio Week 6 - Motor

Question 1

What is (are) the function(s) of the Supplementary Motor Area?

a) learning sequenced movements
b) executing sequenced movements
c) activates when intending to move
d) all of the above
e) a & b only

Answer 1

e) a & b only

Question 2

What is the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area important for?

a) Executing sequenced movements
b) integrating sensory input
c) intending to make a movement
d) deciding to make a movement

Answer 2

c) intending to make a movement

Question 3

What type of info do the Premotor and Supplementary Motor Area receive?

a) Highest level of integrated sensory info
b) Moderately synthesized sensory info
c) Preliminary sensory info directly from the senses
d) none of the above

Answer 3

a) Highest level of integrated sensory info

Question 4

When does activity occur in the Pre-Supplementary Motor Area?

a) 2-3 seconds after subjects reported decision to move
b) 2-3 seconds before subjects reported decision to move
c) 2-3 seconds after subjects begin to move
d) 2-3 seconds before subjects begin to move

Answer 4

b) 2-3 seconds before subjects reported decision to move

Question 5

What is the Premotor Cortex involved in?

a) learning and executing complex movements that are guided by “arbitraty” sensory input.
b) reaching for an object when its name is spoken.
c) reaching for an object in a particular spatial location.
d) all of the above
e) a & b only

Answer 5

e) a & b only

Question 6

What activates mirror neurons?

a) instructing someone to move in a certain way
b) watching & imitating other’s movements
c) describing a certain movement
d) all of the above

Answer 6

b) watching & imitating other’s movements

Question 7

True or False: The greater the level of skill in the movement a person is observing, the greater the activation in the mirror neuron system.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or False: Mirror Neurons may also become activated when a person hears familiar sounds that he/she associates with actions.

Answer 8

TRUE—think piano playing example

Question 9

What allows us to understand others’ actions?

a) when observing others’ actions, the motor circuits representing that action are activated in your brain
b) when observing others’ actions, a recognition motor pathway is activated in your brain
c) when observing others’ actions, we can only understand movements we are well versed in

Answer 9

a) when observing others’ actions, the motor circuits representing that action are activated in your brain

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE: Activation of Mirror Neurons also allow us to understand others’ intentions.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What area in the brain is activated when viewing grasping in 3 different contexts? (alone, before tea, after tea)

a) Superior premotor area
b) Ventral premotor area
c) inferior parietal lobule

Answer 11

b) Ventral premotor area

Question 12

What is Apraxia?

a) inability to learn new, skilled movements
b) inability to execute gross motor skills only
c) inability to execute fine motor skills only
d) inability to execute learned skilled movements

Answer 12

d) inability to execute learned skilled movements

Question 13

Apraxia can include:

a) movement of wrong part of limb
b) incorrect movement of correct part of limb
c) correct movements in incorrect sequence
d) all of the above

Answer 13

d) all of the above

Question 14

Where is it common for those with apraxia to have lesions?

a) Left parietal & Left frontal
b) Right parietal & Right frontal

Answer 14

a) Left parietal & Left frontal

Question 15

Where are mirror neurons located?

a) ventral premotor lobule & inferior parietal lobule
b) superior premotor lobule only
c) superior premotor lobule & superior parietal lobule
d) a & b only

Answer 15

a) ventral premotor lobule &; inferior parietal lobule

Question 16

Primary motor cortex (a.k.a. Pre-central gyrus) is responsible for what functions?

Answer 16

Motor or movement functions

Question 17

What type of organization does the motor cortex use?

Answer 17

Somatotopic organization (specific areas of the prim-motor-cor control the movement of specific body parts).

Question 18

What area provides input to the primary motor cortex?

Answer 18

Primary somatosensory cortex.

Question 19

What kind of stimulation of the Prim-motor-cor gives you muscle contraction? And full muscle movement?

Answer 19

Brief stimulation (simple movement), and long stimulation (respectively).

Question 20

Where do neurons in the primary motor cortex project to?

Answer 20

Descending motor pathways (lateral and ventromedial tracts).

Question 21

What are the two types of motor pathways and what are their functions?

Answer 21

1. ) Lateral Tracts: control independent limb movement (controls precise movement; contralaterally mediated; control movement for most distal parts of body – most extremities).
2. ) Ventromedial Tracts: control more automatic, gross movements of trunk and limbs involved in posture and walking (mediates automatic movements; mediates movements that are identical to each other on each side of the body – bilaterally mediate).

Question 22

What are the 3 tracts within the Lateral tracts for motor pathways?

Answer 22

1. ) Cortical spinal tract: primarily from primary and supplementary motor cortex; decussate at pyramids in medulla; terminate in gray matter of spinal cord; primarily control movements of the fingers, hands, arms, lower legs, feet and toes.
2. ) Corticobulbar tract: primarily from primary and supplementary motor cortex; cross in medulla to cranial nerve nuclei that control face, neck, tongue and some eye movements.
3. ) Rubrospinal tract: from red nucleus which receives input from cortex and cerebellum; they cross; controls movements of forearms and hands, but not finger movements.

Question 23

What are the 4 tracts within the Ventromedial tracts?

Answer 23

1. ) Cortical spinal tract: primarily from primary and supplementary motor cortex; uncrossed; in spinal cord divide and project bilaterally; control trunk and upper leg movements.
2. ) Tectospinal tract: from superior colliculus; uncrossed; coordinate head and trunk with eye movements.
3. ) Vestibulospinal tract: from vestibular nuclei; uncrossed; posture through trunk and leg muscles.
4. ) Reticulospinal tract: from reticular formation throughout brain stem; also from premotor cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus and basal ganglia; control autonomic functions i.e. muscle tone, coughing, sneezing and respiration as well as volitional movements such as walking.

Question 24

Basal Ganglia receives input from where?

a. primary motor cortex
b. somatosensory cortex
c. all areas of cortex
d. all of the above
e. a and b only

Answer 24

d. all of the above

Question 25

This type of input provides sensory information and info about movements planned and executed.

a. caudate
b. putamen
c. cortical
d. none of the above

Answer 25

c. cortical

Question 26

Input to this areas from the the motor areas of the brain whose pathways are somatotopic and loop back to motor cortex.

a. caudate
b. putamen
c. cortical
d. none of the above

Answer 26

b. putamen

Question 27

Input to this area is primary from cognitive and emotional areas of the brain.

a. caudate
b. putamen
c. cortical
d. none of the above

Answer 27

a. caudate

Question 28

Primary output of the Basal ganglia is through the ______ to primary, pre and supplementary motor areas; the brain stem nuclei that control ventrolateral pathways.

a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. cerebellum
d. pons

Answer 28

a. thalamus

Question 29

There are two primary pathways in the cortex -> BG -> thalamus -> cortex loop
what are they?

a. direct pathway that is excitatory and indirect pathway that inhibitory
b. direct pathway that is inhibitory and indirect pathway that is excitatory
c. all of the above
d. none of the above

Answer 29

a. direct pathway that is excitatory and indirect pathway that inhibitory

Question 30

Which of the following is not true concerning the Cerebellum?

a. contains less neurons than the cortex
b. receives input from every brain area involved in motor control
c. outputs to most areas that control motor movements

Answer 30

a. contains less neurons than the cortex

contains more neurons than the cortex

Question 31

The cerebellum influences what areas?

a. postural reflexes
b. rapid, skilled, independent multi-muscle movements
c. regulate and modify movements initiated in the cortex
d. important in timing and sequencing movements that occur too rapidly to be adjusted based on sensory feedback
e. All of the above

Answer 31

e. All of the above

Question 32

Lesion to different areas of the cerebellum produces different symptoms. True or False.

Answer 32

True