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bio vac bac Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of a living thing

A

Reproduce, made of cells, use energy, grow/adapt, have a lifespan, respond to their environment

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2
Q

Viruses have what non living, and living characteristics

A

Non living: Are made of biological particles, don’t use energy, don’t grow or have lifespan, don’t respond to environment

Living: Do evolve, reproduce only with a host

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3
Q

Virus structure

A

capsid, nucleic acid, spikes/tail fibres

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4
Q

Viral specificity

A
  • Proteins inside capsid match proteins of cells virus can invade.
  • DNA of virus is more similar to its host than other types of virus.
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5
Q

Name virus with multiple hosts

A

Rabies

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6
Q

Cell structure is different from virus because

A

Virus has capsid, nucleic acid, tail fibres??

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7
Q

what does a virus need to replicate

A

a host cell

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8
Q

Why does lysogenic cycle make you fell sicker than the lytic cycle

A

The lytic cycle attacks quickly whereas the lysogenic cycle will lay dormant for years and not cause an immediate reaction while appearing healthy.

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9
Q

Lytic cycle can be triggered by what

A
  • Traumatic event
  • Compromised immune system
  • Smoking/Poor diet
  • Environmental Chemicals
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10
Q

Three lines of defence

A

First- Physical and chemical barrier
Second- Inflammatory Response
Third- Immune responce

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11
Q

What phagocytes engulf pathogens

A

White blood cells

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12
Q

What is an antigen

A

Made of white blood cells, induce an immune response in the host

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13
Q

Lytic Cycle Steps

A
  1. Attachment and entrance: Virus recognizes host cell and attaches to it. Whole Virus or nucleic acid, enters the cell.
  2. Synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid: Viruses rewire the hosts machinery to replicate its own nucleic acids, enzymes, capsid proteins, and other viral proteins.
  3. Assembly: The viral units assemble into new viral particles
  4. Lysis: Host cell explodes and releases the new viral particles. Can take place in 25-45 minutes.
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14
Q

Lysogenic Cycle Step

A
  • Virus does not kill or cause immediate infection
  • DNA/RNA is replicated along with the host cell DNA
  • coexists with host cell for many cycles while appearing healthy
  • Trigger will activate viral DNA to start lytic cycle such as: traumatic event, compromised immunes system, smoking, environmental chemicals
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15
Q

Symptoms of inflammatory response

A

Swelling, redness, pain in area of infection

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16
Q

Non specific, and specific lines of defence

A

1st, 2nd: Non specific

3rd: Specific

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17
Q

Proteins secreted by lymphocytes

A

Antibodies - attach to pathogens so phagocytic cells can recognize and destroy
Interferons - coat non-infected cells; mask proteins on cell membranes
Interleukins - activate other white blood cells to fight infection

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18
Q

What are vaccines made of

A

Solutions prepared from viral components or inactivated viruses

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19
Q

Vaccines protect us with

A

Passive Immunity - injection of antibodies; short lived ability to fight infection
Active Immunity - live micro organisms that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties
Stimulate production of antibodies

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20
Q

Why do scientists want to determine who patient zero is in an epidemic

A

It allows them to learn where the illness originated, and hows it’s transmitted

21
Q

What is a virus with RNA

A

Retrovirus

22
Q

All bacteria are

A

Prokaryotes

23
Q

Bacteria are found under domains

A

Eubacteria (true bacteria)

Archaea (ancient bacteria)

24
Q

Bacteria dates back

A

3.5 billion years

25
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells

A

Prokaryotes: Smaller, No nucleus, genetic material free floating in cytoplasm
Eukaryotes: Bigger Nucleus, bound organelles like mitochondria

26
Q

Structure of Bacteria cell

A

Cell wall: gives bacteria structure
Cell membranes: Slows material to pass through
Flagellum: Movement
Plasmid: Store genetic material/circular Dna

27
Q

3 main shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus (Sphere) (pnenomia)
Bacillus (Rod) (E.coli)
Spirillus (Wavy spiral shape) (Siphillis)

28
Q

Autotrophic

Heterotrophic

A

Autotrophic: Make their own food
Heterophobic: obtain food from organic material.

29
Q

Photosynthetic

Chemosynthetic

A

Autotrophy.
Photosynthetic-Bacteria convert CO2 and water to glucose by using energy from sunlight.
Chemosynthetic-use energy from chemicals to make glucose

30
Q

Parasitic

Saprophytic

A

Heterotrophy.
Parasitic-Obtain food from living organisms
Saprophytic-obtain food from dead organisms also known as decomposers

31
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

requires oxygen to obtain energy. Glucose and oxygen converted to water and CO2. (Glucose+O2=H2O+CO2)

32
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)

A

Oxygen is not required. Glucose broken down into alcohol and CO2. (Glucose=Alcohol + CO2 CATP)

33
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Must use aerobic respiration

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Must use anaerobic respiration. Oxygen is toxic to them.

35
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can switch to anaerobic if needed

36
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria

37
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

work by targeting properties of bacteria cells that are different form human cells.

38
Q

What is a superbug

A

Bacteria that has antibiotic resistance which means it can withstand the effect of an antibiotic

39
Q

How can bacteria can become antibiotic resistant

A
  • Natural selection through random mutation.

- Resistance genes are often carried in plasmid and can be passed through conjugation

40
Q

3 Main arrangements of cells

A

Diplo (pairs)
Strepto (chain)
Staphylo (clump)

41
Q

Gram + and Gram -

A

Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan layer that make up cell walls. Appear violet after gram stain.
Gram negative: Single thin layer of peptidoglycan layer with outer layer of lipids in its cell walls. Doesn’t retain purple dye and turns pink in safranin.

42
Q

how do we identify stained bacteria under microscope

A

Colour, shape, arrangement

43
Q

why do we grow bacteria on agar

A

??

44
Q

Each colony represents

A

a single bacterium that has divided repeatedly

45
Q

Colony morphology is based on

A

Size, Form, Elevation, Margin, Colour

46
Q

Binary Fission

A

asexual reproduction. DNA duplicates. Bacteria cell divides producing identical daughter cells

47
Q

Conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

A

transfer of DNA between bacteria through cell to cell contact. (sexual reproduction). Plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA is transferred from donor to recipient through piles (hair like appendage)

48
Q

Advantages of binary fission, conjugation

A

Binary Fission is advantageous because they can reproduce on their own at a much quicker rate. Conjugation requires transfer between 2 bacteria and takes longer. Gene transfer as a faster evolution and is non-random.

BIO (4 decks)

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