bio vac bac

Question 1

Characteristics of a living thing

Answer 1

Reproduce, made of cells, use energy, grow/adapt, have a lifespan, respond to their environment

Question 2

Viruses have what non living, and living characteristics

Answer 2

Non living: Are made of biological particles, don’t use energy, don’t grow or have lifespan, don’t respond to environment

Living: Do evolve, reproduce only with a host

Question 3

Virus structure

Answer 3

capsid, nucleic acid, spikes/tail fibres

Question 4

Viral specificity

Answer 4

• Proteins inside capsid match proteins of cells virus can invade.
• DNA of virus is more similar to its host than other types of virus.

Question 5

Name virus with multiple hosts

Answer 5

Rabies

Question 6

Cell structure is different from virus because

Answer 6

Virus has capsid, nucleic acid, tail fibres??

Question 7

what does a virus need to replicate

Answer 7

a host cell

Question 8

Why does lysogenic cycle make you fell sicker than the lytic cycle

Answer 8

The lytic cycle attacks quickly whereas the lysogenic cycle will lay dormant for years and not cause an immediate reaction while appearing healthy.

Question 9

Lytic cycle can be triggered by what

Answer 9

• Traumatic event
• Compromised immune system
• Smoking/Poor diet
• Environmental Chemicals

Question 10

Three lines of defence

Answer 10

First- Physical and chemical barrier
Second- Inflammatory Response
Third- Immune responce

Question 11

What phagocytes engulf pathogens

Answer 11

White blood cells

Question 12

What is an antigen

Answer 12

Made of white blood cells, induce an immune response in the host

Question 13

Lytic Cycle Steps

Answer 13

1. Attachment and entrance: Virus recognizes host cell and attaches to it. Whole Virus or nucleic acid, enters the cell.
2. Synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid: Viruses rewire the hosts machinery to replicate its own nucleic acids, enzymes, capsid proteins, and other viral proteins.
3. Assembly: The viral units assemble into new viral particles
4. Lysis: Host cell explodes and releases the new viral particles. Can take place in 25-45 minutes.

Question 14

Lysogenic Cycle Step

Answer 14

• Virus does not kill or cause immediate infection
• DNA/RNA is replicated along with the host cell DNA
• coexists with host cell for many cycles while appearing healthy
• Trigger will activate viral DNA to start lytic cycle such as: traumatic event, compromised immunes system, smoking, environmental chemicals

Question 15

Symptoms of inflammatory response

Answer 15

Swelling, redness, pain in area of infection

Question 16

Non specific, and specific lines of defence

Answer 16

1st, 2nd: Non specific

3rd: Specific

Question 17

Proteins secreted by lymphocytes

Answer 17

Antibodies - attach to pathogens so phagocytic cells can recognize and destroy
Interferons - coat non-infected cells; mask proteins on cell membranes
Interleukins - activate other white blood cells to fight infection

Question 18

What are vaccines made of

Answer 18

Solutions prepared from viral components or inactivated viruses

Question 19

Vaccines protect us with

Answer 19

Passive Immunity - injection of antibodies; short lived ability to fight infection
Active Immunity - live micro organisms that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties
Stimulate production of antibodies

Question 20

Why do scientists want to determine who patient zero is in an epidemic

Answer 20

It allows them to learn where the illness originated, and hows it’s transmitted

Question 21

What is a virus with RNA

Answer 21

Retrovirus

Question 22

All bacteria are

Answer 22

Prokaryotes

Question 23

Bacteria are found under domains

Answer 23

Eubacteria (true bacteria)

Archaea (ancient bacteria)

Question 24

Bacteria dates back

Answer 24

3.5 billion years

Question 25

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells

Answer 25

Prokaryotes: Smaller, No nucleus, genetic material free floating in cytoplasm Eukaryotes: Bigger Nucleus, bound organelles like mitochondria

Question 26

Structure of Bacteria cell

Answer 26

Cell wall: gives bacteria structure Cell membranes: Slows material to pass through Flagellum: Movement Plasmid: Store genetic material/circular Dna

Question 27

3 main shapes of bacteria

Answer 27

Coccus (Sphere) (pnenomia) Bacillus (Rod) (E.coli) Spirillus (Wavy spiral shape) (Siphillis)

Question 28

Autotrophic | Heterotrophic

Answer 28

Autotrophic: Make their own food Heterophobic: obtain food from organic material.

Question 29

Photosynthetic | Chemosynthetic

Answer 29

Autotrophy. Photosynthetic-Bacteria convert CO2 and water to glucose by using energy from sunlight. Chemosynthetic-use energy from chemicals to make glucose

Question 30

Parasitic | Saprophytic

Answer 30

Heterotrophy. Parasitic-Obtain food from living organisms Saprophytic-obtain food from dead organisms also known as decomposers

Question 31

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 31

requires oxygen to obtain energy. Glucose and oxygen converted to water and CO2. (Glucose+O2=H2O+CO2)

Question 32

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)

Answer 32

Oxygen is not required. Glucose broken down into alcohol and CO2. (Glucose=Alcohol + CO2 CATP)

Question 33

Obligate aerobes

Answer 33

Must use aerobic respiration

Question 34

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

Must use anaerobic respiration. Oxygen is toxic to them.

Question 35

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 35

can switch to anaerobic if needed

Question 36

Antibiotics

Answer 36

Chemicals that inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria

Question 37

How do antibiotics work

Answer 37

work by targeting properties of bacteria cells that are different form human cells.

Question 38

What is a superbug

Answer 38

Bacteria that has antibiotic resistance which means it can withstand the effect of an antibiotic

Question 39

How can bacteria can become antibiotic resistant

Answer 39

- Natural selection through random mutation. | - Resistance genes are often carried in plasmid and can be passed through conjugation

Question 40

3 Main arrangements of cells

Answer 40

Diplo (pairs) Strepto (chain) Staphylo (clump)

Question 41

Gram + and Gram -

Answer 41

Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan layer that make up cell walls. Appear violet after gram stain. Gram negative: Single thin layer of peptidoglycan layer with outer layer of lipids in its cell walls. Doesn't retain purple dye and turns pink in safranin.

Question 42

how do we identify stained bacteria under microscope

Answer 42

Colour, shape, arrangement

Question 43

why do we grow bacteria on agar

Answer 43

??

Question 44

Each colony represents

Answer 44

a single bacterium that has divided repeatedly

Question 45

Colony morphology is based on

Answer 45

Size, Form, Elevation, Margin, Colour

Question 46

Binary Fission

Answer 46

asexual reproduction. DNA duplicates. Bacteria cell divides producing identical daughter cells

Question 47

Conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

Answer 47

transfer of DNA between bacteria through cell to cell contact. (sexual reproduction). Plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA is transferred from donor to recipient through piles (hair like appendage)

Question 48

Advantages of binary fission, conjugation

Answer 48

Binary Fission is advantageous because they can reproduce on their own at a much quicker rate. Conjugation requires transfer between 2 bacteria and takes longer. Gene transfer as a faster evolution and is non-random.