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Finals term 1 > Bio unit 3 > Flashcards

Bio unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a muscle

A

tissue specialized to convert biochemical reactions into mechanical work

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2
Q

what are the 2 main functions of a muscle

A

motion and force

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3
Q

what are the types of muscles

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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4
Q

3 properties of a muscle function

A
  • can only contract
  • cannot expand except when physically pulled by antagonistic muscle group
  • Also generate heat and contribute to body temperature homeostasis
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5
Q

properties of skeletal muscle

A

attache to bones oof the skeleten

contract in response to signal from somatic motor nueron conot initiate contraction on its own or inflenced by hormones

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6
Q

what muscle type is the primary muscle of internal organs and tubes and what are its other properties

A

smooth

inflences movement of matterials through the body

no stirations

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7
Q

properties of cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart pump to move blood around the body

has strations

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8
Q

how do skeletal bones atach to the bones and what is it made up of

A

tendons, composed of dense regular connective tissue, callogen ( a proetien arranged into cable-like fibers)

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9
Q

what is the outer connective tissue of skeletal muscles

A

epimysium

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10
Q

what is the epimysium in the skeletal muscle contain

A

bundles of muscle tissue called fasicles

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11
Q

what is the fasicle covered by

A

perimysium, a connective tissue sheath

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12
Q

what contains nerves and blood vessels

A

perimysium

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13
Q

what are found within each fasicle

A

muscle fibres

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14
Q

what is the musche fiber covered by

A

an innermost connective tissue sheath, enomysium

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15
Q

within each each muscle fibre what are found

A

myofibrils

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16
Q

why are there no organells found in skeletal muscle

A

because too many myofibrils

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17
Q

what is the structure of a muscle fibre

A

long, cylindirical cell

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17
Q

what does the cytosol in the skeletal muscle contain and what they do

A

glycogen granules ( energy storage), and mitochondia ( ATPP synthesis)

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18
Q

what is sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane in muscle fibre

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19
Q

what is found in hundreds on the surface of the muscle fibre

A

nuclei

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20
Q

what is myofibrils

A

contractile and elasic protien bundles and takes majority of space in muscle fibre

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21
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulumn

A

specialized endoplasmic reticlumn and are found in the muscle fibre

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22
Q

what is associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and what is theri function

A

a series of branching tubes called T-tubules/transverse tubles which ais a lumen continous with the ECF, they allow for rapid action potential diffusion into the muscle fibre

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23
Q

what do T-tubles that are closely associated with the terminal cisternae do?

A

sequester Ca2+

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24
what does one T-tuble with flanking terminal cisternae do
triad
25
what do myofibriles arganixed by
highly organized by bundles of contractile elastic protiens, 1. contractile proties 2. regulatory protiens 3. accessory protiens
26
what does the contractile protine consist of and what is it part of
consist of actin and myosin part of the myofibril
27
what does the regulatory protiens consist of and what is it part of
toponin and tropomyosin
28
what does the accessory protien consist of and what it involved in
nebulin ( aligns thin filaments) and titin( elastic protien that retuns stretched musle to relaxed state)
29
what is myosin
a motor protien that consists of two coulied protien molecules (chians) that have two important parts, head and tail
30
what does a lot of myosin make and how they arranged
thick filament arranges so that the heads are at the ends and the tails are together
31
what are actin sub unit
-actin
32
what the g-actin do and what in makes
polymerize to fomr a chain f-actin ( filaments)
33
what do f actin do
they are colied uo and associate with regulatory protiens, toponin and tropomyosin
34
what does troponin and tropomyosin do
they regulate muscle contraction and form the complete thin filament
35
what is a sarcomere
the striations found on the myofibrils
36
what results in a striation
thich and thin filament organization, Z-line, I band, A band, H zone, M line
37
what are z-line (disks)
this is the site of attachement for thin filaments, one sarcomere is made of 2 Z discs and the filaments between them
38
what is the I band (isotropic)
this is a region conataing oly thin filaments a Z disk runs through the middle of an I band, this each 1/2 of the I band is art of a different sacomere
39
A band (anisotropic)
this is a region containing thick and thin filaments the thick and thin filaments overlap at the outer edges of the A band the centre is occupied by thick filaments only
40
H zone ( part of the A band)
this is a region containing only thick filaments the central region is lighter than the outer edges
41
M line
this is a site of attachment for the thick filaments the M line is the centre of the sarcomere
42
what is muscle contraction
the force created by contracting muscle whereas the load is a weight or force that opposes the contraction
43
what does the a-band do in muscle contraction
they remain constant so the myosin shortening could not be responsible for muscle contraction
44
what is responsible for muscle contraction
sliding filament theory
45
explain sliding filament theory
at rest the ends of thick(myosin) and thin ( actin) filaments overlap slightly within each sarcomere thick and thin filaments slide past each other with no change in the lenghth of the filaments themesleves the thin (actin) filaments slide along the thick (myosin) filaments towards the M line of the sarcomere this brings the Z disks closer
46
what is the only way to stimulate a skeletal muscle contraction
when stimulated by a signal from the nervous system
47
what is excitation-contraction and how does it occur
coupling series of electrical and mechanical events in a muscle that leads to muscle contratction, occurs through an action potential in the muscle membrane, the EPPs are essentially always above threshold and cause muscle to contract
48
explain the steps of contraction
page 66
49
what is the myosin
a motor protien capable of converting chemical energy to (ATP) into movement
50
explain crossbridge cycle
page 67
51
during contraction what crossbridges are involved
not all move simulaneuosly only 50% are attached to actin and cause muscle contraction
52
what is the riger state
when no nuclleoride bind to the myosin head
53
what is the power stroke
the swinging back of the myosin
54
when does skeletal muscle relaxation occur
when Ca2+ is pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic reticulumn through the Ca2+ ATPase
55
explain the steps of skeletal muscle relaxation
page 68
56
muscles convert biochemical energy into...
mechanical work
57
what conrols muscle contraction and where it from
Ca2+, removed from the cytosol by Ca2+-ATPase
58
how are Na+ and K+ ions pumped back and into/out of the cell
using ATP, sodium potasium ATPase does the reverse pumping
59
production of ATp can hapenn.....
aerobically and anerobically
60
what circumstances can Glycolisys be perfomed in and how much ATP does it yeild
can be done aerobic and anaerobic, produces 2 ATP
61
what does glycolisis do anaerobicaly
produces lacic acid
62
explain oxidative metabolism
oxidative metabolism provides up to 15x more ATP per glucose molecule, does not produce toxic end products oxidative metabolism provides most of the energy required for muscle contraction when oxygen is available
63
what is creatine phosphate
a high energy phosphate molecule, in addition to ATP. highly concentrated in muscle and provides a rapid source of energy for the muscle. REsting muscles store energy in creatine phosphate
64
what does Creatine phosphate do
easily donates the inorganic phosphate ti ADP to create ATP, provides a limited supply of ATP. Used mainly to buffer (ATP) over very short time scales
65
what is creatine kinase
catalizes the reaction: creatine phosphate + ADP too create ATP + creatine
66
what are the two important terms relating to muscle contraction and what do they mean
twitch = single contraction-relaxation cycle Latent period=short delay between the AP and the beginning of the muscle tension, this is the time it takes dor excitation-contraction coupling to occur
67
what are the three general types f muscle fibres
1. slow-twitch oxidative fibres(type1) 2. fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres (type 11A) 3. Fast twitch glycolytic fibers (type 11x)
68
what is myoglobin
an oxygen-carrying haeme protien wich makes oxidative fibers ussually appear red
69
qualities of oxidative fiber
are smaller than glycolytic fibers, have numerous mitochondira and are better vascularized
70
explain fast and slow
refers to the rate of myosin ATPase activity Dast fibers can split ATP more quickly and can contract/develop tension faster, results of hte presence of different isoforms of myosin
71

Finals term 1 (4 decks)

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