bio term test 1 Flashcards
what is physiology
study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
what assemble into larger units called tissue
cells in the body
cells are held together by what
cell junctions
what are the cell junctions
Anchoring junction
gap junction
tight junction
what aare the three types of anchoring junction
desmosome
adherens
hemidesmosomes
what is between the cells
extracellular matrix
what secretes and synthesisez the extracellular matrix
cells in the tissue
what are the four primary types in the human body
Epithelial, connective, muscle and nueronal
what is pat of the nervous tissue
brain
spinal cord
nerves
what is part of the muscle tissue
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
example of the epithelial tissue
linning of GI tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis)
what is parrt of the connective tissue
fat and other soft padding tissue
bone
tendon
what is the functions of the epethelial cells
- Epithelia protects the internal enviroment of the individual
- Regulate exchange of material between the external enviroment and internal enviroment
- epithelia consist of ne or more layers of cells connected to one another and to a basal lamina ( basement membrane)
any material that moves between the internal and external enviroment must cross the ..
epithilium
5 types of epithelia
-exchange
- ciliated
= secretory
- transporting
- protective
what does exchange epitheliaa do
rapid exchange of material
what does ciliated epithelia do and where can they be found
they line airways and found in female reproductive tract
what does secretory epithelia do
synthesize and release products into the external environment/blood
whaat does transporting epithelia do
selective transport of materal
where is the protective epithila found
on the surface of the body
what does connective tissue provie
structural support and barriers
does the connective tissue have an extensive intraellular matrix
no it has a extensive extracellular matrix, and contains proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, and fibronectin
what are the ficve types of connective tissue
- loose
- dense
- adipose
- blood
- supporting
what is loose connective tissue and example
elastic tissue, e.g. tissue underlying the skin
what is the function of dense connective tissue and e.g
strengh is the primary function, e.g tendons
what does adipose conective tissue contain and e.g
contains adipose, e.g white fat
what is the blood connective tissue
watery matrix lacking insoluble protien fibers
what is supporting connective tisue, e.g
dense substances, e.g. cartilage and bone
what is a muscle
it has the ability to conract to produce force and movement
what are the three types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
what is skeletal muscle responsible for
for gross body movement
what is smooth muscles responsible for
for influencing the movement of substances into/out of/within the body
where is the cardiac muscle found and what its function
found only in the heat, contraction moves blood through the body
what does nueral tissue do
carry information from one part of the body to another
how much ECM is there in nueral tissue
very little
what are the two types of cells in nueral tissue
nuerons
glial cells
wwhat do nuerons do
carry information as electrical or chemical signals
what do glial cells do
supportinng cells for nuerons
what does function ean in physiology
the why
what does the mechanism mean in physiology
the how
physiologist study mechanism to understand the what
function
what is homeostasis
it is the maintenance of a relaticely stable internal enviroment
what does homeostasis involve a series of
automatic control mechanisms
what is the result of homeostatic control
oscillation around a set-point that can change with time
what is acclimatization
enviromentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change
what will happen if failure to aintain homeostasis
will disrupt function and may result in a disease state
what are the 4 basic mechanisms of cell to cell communication
gap junctions, contact dependent signals, local communication, long distance communication
what is gap junctions and where are they found?
how do they comminicate
- known as dirct cell to cell communitcation
- communication betwween cells occurs via protien channels between adjecent cells
- gap junctions are capable of opening and closing
- are found in many cell types like heart
what is the contact - dependent signal and where can it be found
- this tpe of communication is from the interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
- found in immune cells and during development
what are local communications and how do they occur
local communication is communication with neighbouring cells
occurs via paracrine and aoutocrine signals
what are paracrine signals
they are chemicals secreted by ccells which act on neighbouring cells.
they act on immediate vicinity
what are autocrine signals
chemiclas that act on the cell that produces them
what are long distance communcation responible for
the nercous system and endocrine system
what does the nervous system use a combination of
chemical and electrical signals
what does the endocrine system use
chemical signals that are known as hormones
why doo some cells respond to chemical signals and others do not
- target cells have various receptor protiens
- only respond to a chemical signal if they have the appropriate receptor
what are receptors usually
they are ussually transmembrane protien ( or glycoprotiens)
and ussually found in plasma membrane but can be intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear)
what are the three domains of membrane spanning receptors and what are thier properties
- exracellular domain- involved in binding the ligand ( chemical signal)
- trans-membrane domain: hydrophobic
- intracellular (cyoplasmic ) domain - involved in activating the cellular responce
true or false
not every moleculte that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce
false any moleculr that can bind with the receptor and induce activity will elict the responce
which pathways can maintain homeostasis
local and long-distaance pathways
what is reflex control
it is long distance pathways that mainain homeostasis including nervous and endocrine systems
for homeostatic control stabiliti is the result of balance between
input and output
for homeostatic control (blank) returns variable to original condition
negative feedback
for homeostatic control, homeostativ systems maintain….
similarity not constancy
t or f
for homeostatic control set points can be reset
t
t or f
for homeostatic control all varuabkes are cintrolled equally
f
some variables are controlled more closely than others
for homeostatic control most control systems require
communication between cells
responce loops start with …
a stimulus and result in a response
what controls the reponse loop
feedback pathways
what are the three types of feedback/ control systems to regulate the responce loops
negative feedback
positive feedback
feedforward control
what is negative feedback control
negative feedback results in a change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its orignal value
allows for homeostatic control
what does negative feedback system result in
it results in oscillation around the set-point
what does positive feedback do
sends a signal and sends the variable further from the set point until and external signal turns the response off
not homeostatic
sends system temporarily out of conrol
