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Science 10 Biology > Bio topic 1-2 > Flashcards

Bio topic 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between Unicellular and Multicellular organisms?

A

Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell. Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells. The cells in multicellular organisms are often specialized to carry out specific functions. All cells come from other cells.
-Khan Academy

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2
Q

Organism

A

A biotic structure that meets all of the requirements for something to be living.

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3
Q

What is Biogenesis

A

The method in which cells divide and are produced from other cells.

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4
Q

What is the difference between Biogenesis and Abiogenesis?

A

Biogenesis is how cells divide and are produced from other cells, Abiogenesis is the method in which living entities come from non living entities.

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5
Q

What are the basic facts about a Virus?

A

-Although they may look like cells, and they DO contain genetic material, viruses cannot actually survive outside of a host.
-This is because they lack metabolic and reproductive capabilities.
-Therefore, they are not considered to be “living”.

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6
Q

What are some basic facts about Striated muscle?

A

-Some types of muscle cells, known as striated muscle, contain multiple nuclei.
-These cells are long and narrow, and are bundled together by a single membrane (rather than each having their own).

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7
Q

What are the three exceptions to cell theory?

A

1.Viruses
2.Striated muscle
3.Fungal Hyphae

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8
Q

What are some basic facts about Fungal Hyphae?

A

-Fungal hyphae are cells that make up the fruiting bodies of fungi.
-These cells are also relatively large and elongated.
Like striated muscle tissue, fungal hyphae contain multiple nuclei. Hyphae join together to form a continuous cytoplasm rather than discrete units.

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9
Q

Who created the first Microscope?

A

The first microscope was created by Dutch lens-makers Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595.The Janssens’ microscope involved an eyepiece and an objective lense which, when used together, could magnify objects to approximately 20X their original size.

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10
Q

Who are the three early “Microscopists?”

A

1.Janssens
2.Hooke
3.Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

What are the parts of a microscope?

A

1.Ocular lens
2.Coarse adjustment knob
3.Fine adjustment knob
4.Revolving nosepiece
5.Body tube
6.Objective lens
7.stage
8.stage clips.
9.Diaphragm
10. Light source
11.Arm + Base.

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12
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

-illuminate specimens with beams of electrons instead of a beam of light
-Used to view objects that are too small to see with a light microscope (provides a higher resolution)
High-powered electron microscopes recently used to obtain images of atoms!

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13
Q

What are the Three Image tech and staining techniques? How do you calculate Magnification?

A

1.Staining
2.Fluorescence.
3.Dark Field Microscopy
To determine the total magnification of a specimen under a microscope, simply multiply the magnifying power of the ocular lens (which is usually 10X) by the magnifying power of the objective lense (10X, 40X or 100X)
Total Magnification=(Magnification of the eyepiece)(Magnification of the objective lens.)

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14
Q

How do you determine the actual size of a specimen?

A

Step 1: Find field diameter in mm
Step 2: Convert field diameter to um (note that 1 mm = 1000 um)
Step 3: Find fit #
Step 4: Calculate size of specimen (field diameter/fit #)

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15
Q

Name the processes a cell goes through as an open system

A

1.Nutrient intake
2.Gas exchange
3.movement + Growth
4.Waste removal
5. Response to Stimuli
6.Reproduction

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16
Q

What are the main features of Prokaryotic cells?

A

1.Prokaryotic:
-Dina is naked
-DNA is circular
-No Introns
-No Nucleus
-Binary Fission(
-not membrane bound
-Single Chromosome
-70s ribosomes and is smaller(1-5 um)

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17
Q

What are the Main features of Eukaryotic Cells?

A

1.Eukaryotic:
-DNA is bound to protein
-DNA is linear
-DNA has introns
-Has Nucleus
-Membrane bound
-80s ribosomes
-Mitosis and Meiosis
-Chromosomes are paired
-Larger(-10-100 um

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18
Q

What are examples of organisms that contain Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic:Plants,animals,fungi, and protists

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19
Q

Define Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryotic cells

A

A large host cell was thought to have ingested a bacterium that performed similar functions as a mitochondrion.

A symbiotic relationship was forged between the host cell & bacterium, and over millions of years, the mitochondria has become so specialized that it cannot survive outside the cell.

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20
Q

What are the basic functions that occur in a Prokaryotic cell?

A

-Mesosome is where DNA is replicated
-Nucleoid & plasmid both contain DNA
-Pili aids in communication between prokaryotic cells
-Ribosomes are required to translate DNA into proteins (note that prokaryotes contain “70s” ribosomes, which are smaller than those of eukaryotes)
-Capsule prevents cells from drying out and allows prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces
Some prokaryotes also have a flagellum, which allows them to move

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21
Q

What are the key differences between an Animal cell vs a Plant cell?

A

-Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane.
-Plants use cell walls to provide structure to the plant. Plant cells contain organelles called chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
-Animal cells contain Lysosomes and have a much smaller vacuole than a plant cell.
-Khan academy

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22
Q

What are the parts of an Animal Cell?

A

1.Golgi Complex
2.Ribosomes
3.Cytoplasm
4.Cell Membrane
5.Mitochondria
6.Centrioles

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23
Q

What are the levels of cell organization?

A

1.Organelles
2.Cells
3.Tissues
4.Organs
5.Organ systems

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24
Q

phospholipid Bilayer

A

A Cell membrane composed of a double layer consisting of proteins and other molecules embedded in it.

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25
Q

Phospholipid

A

the molecules inside a Phospholipid bilayer

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26
Q

Hydrophilic Vs. Hydrophobic

A

1.Hydrophilic: Loves water
2.Hydrophobic: Fears water
Fun Fact: This is why Phospholipid Bilayers occur

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27
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The current model of the Cell membrane proposed in 1972 by Singer and Nicholson. The model is depicted as having proteins embedded in lipid bilayer.

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28
Q

Proteins

A

-A molecule made up of amino acids
(Amino acids are organic compounds containing both amino and carboxylic acid e.g Carbonic acid which transports CO2 in blood)

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29
Q

What are the differences and similarities between the Fluid Mosaic model and the Trilaminar Model?

A

Similarities:

Differences:

30
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

1.Integral Proteins:Span the lipid bilayer; are permanently embedded.

2.Peripheral Proteins: Associate with the surface of the membrane; are temporarily attached.

31
Q

What are the six roles of membrane proteins?

A

1.Intercellular joinings
2.Enzymatic activity
3.Transport(Active/Passive)
4.Cell-Cell Recognition
5.Anchorage/attachment
6.Signal Transduction.
Remember JET RAT!!!

32
Q

What is the role of Cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Cholesterol acts to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, thereby allowing it to maintain integrity while it changes shape.
Cholesterol also reduces the permeability to the membrane to small, water-soluble solutes.

33
Q

Describe the process of a semi permeable membrane coming into contact with a virus/bacteria

A

As certain substances essential to the cell come in such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, the cell membrane acts as a gatekeeper as it comes into contact with a virus, the virus is unable to cross the through the lipid bilayer.

34
Q

Selective Transport

A

Because only certain substances are allowed to cross the membrane, movement across cell membranes is called selective transport.

35
Q

Define Passive Transport and what are the two main types?

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient without an input of energy from the cell is called passive transport
1.Diffusion (movement of solute particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; how gas exchange occurs)
2.Osmosis (movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration)

36
Q

Define Isotonic solution

A

where the concentration in a solute is the same as the solution.

37
Q

What happens to a blood cell when its a hypertonic solution vs a hypotonic solution?

A

Hypertonic:In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of solute is higher inside the cell compared to outside; thus, water will move out of the cell via osmosis. (hyper- means “high” or “over.”)
Hypotonic:In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell compared to inside; thus, water will move into the cell via osmosis. (prefix hypo- means “low” or “under”)

38
Q

what are examples of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

A

Hypo: pure water,plain unsweetened tea
Hyper: lemonade, ocean water

39
Q

What is the third type of passive transport and how does it work?

A

facilitated diffusion!A third type of passive transport, known as facilitated diffusion, involves the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without proteins.Facilitated diffusion always occurs down a concentration gradient (requires no energy).

40
Q

What’s the difference between Active and Passive transport?

A

Active: Needs Energy to happen
Passive: Doesn’t need energy to happen

41
Q

How do Endocytosis and Exocytosis work together?

A

Some molecules, such as cholesterol, cannot dissolve in water; diffusion is impossible for such molecules.
These types of molecules must be released from the cell through a process known as exocytosis or taken into the cell through a process known as endocytosis.

42
Q

Define Pinocytosis

A

Pinocytosis, or “cell drinking”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids.

43
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, or “cell eating”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids.

44
Q

How do you calculate Cell surface area?

A
  1. SA= 6(area)^2
    2.Volume= (area)^3
45
Q

What are the advantages and Disadvantages of being Multicelluar:

A

Advantages:
-Cells may become specialized to carry out particular functions more efficiently
-Organisms can become larger, as multiple cells work together to allow for the efficient transport & exchange of materials
-If one cell dies or becomes damaged, the entire organism is unaffected
Disadvantages:
- Needs more energy
-Complex system
-Regeneration

46
Q

What are the two main types of organ systems in plants?

A

1.The Shoot system
2.The root system

47
Q

Specialized cells that regulate the movement of water and other gases in and out of the leaf of the plant are known as

A

Guard cells

48
Q

Tissue that lies beneath the epidermis and makes up the majority of the plant is called

A

Ground tissue

49
Q

Cells responsible for the majority of gas exchange in the leaf are called

A

Spongy Mesophyll Tissue Cells

50
Q

Which pigments are absorbed by Chlorophyll

A

Blue and Red

51
Q

Balance the equation:
_C6 H12 O6 + _O2 –>_CO2 + _H2O

A

You should get 1666
1 Glucose + 6 oxygen for the products, then for the reactants, 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water

52
Q

When light hits the top of a leaf, this stimulates potassium ions to enter the guard cells by active transport. Higher concentrations of potassium inside the guard cell = lower concentration outside.

A

Water moves from outside the guard cells to inside the guard cells by osmosis and the guard cells become turgid.

53
Q

What do I turn to bring a specimen into focus?

A

adjustment knobs

54
Q

What is the function of the fine adjustment knob?

A

This knob moves the stage slightly to sharpen the image

55
Q

What is the magnification of the objective lens if the ocular/eyepiece lens is 10x and the total magnification is 750x?

A

75x

56
Q

What cell division process occurs in the specialized cluster of cells of Meristem?

A

Mitosis

57
Q

True or False:Plant cells must be able to grow and divide not only to increase in size, but to repair damage. This process of cell division is referred to as meiosis

A

False! Meiosis is the process of a single cell divides to make twice as much cells, It is not used to repair cells. The correct answer is Mitosis!!

58
Q

What is Dermal Tissue?

A

The outer layer of cells that covers all non-woody plants. This tissue is generally one cell-layer thick and is responsible for gas exchange in the leaves.

Dermal tissue also protects the plant from disease. Dermal cells in the leaves & stem secrete a waxy coating called the cuticle, which acts to prevent water loss in addition to offering protection against microorganisms.

59
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm? and the light source?

A

Diaphragm:controls the amount of light on the slide/specimen

Light Source:Projects light upwards through diaphram/specimen/lenses

60
Q

When you switch from low to high power what happens to the field diameter?

A

The field diameter gets smaller.

61
Q

In a plant cell where does the most photosynthesis occur?

A

Palisade Tissue

62
Q

A solution outside the cell that is hypotonic to the cell contents will cause what?

A

Overall net water to move into the cell

63
Q

When does Cellular respiration occur?

A

Night.

64
Q

When does Photosynthesis occur?

A

Day

65
Q

What type of microscope do we use in our science lab?

A

Compound Light Microscope

66
Q

Define the term resolution

A

The amount of detail you can see in the image of an an object

67
Q

Why are laser light and electron beams more effective in microscope analysis than common visible light?

A

They are more easily controlled and have a shorter wavelength of light so we can see things more clearly.

68
Q

Define the risk and benefit with regards to gene mapping and genetic engineering in general

A

Risk=things that can go wrong.Benefit= things that can go right.There’s lots!!!

69
Q

What is cell theory?and what are the three main points of it?

A

That all living things are composed of one or more cells.Its 3 points are: the cell is the smallest unit of life,all life processes take place within cells,all cells reproduce by the process of cell division.

70
Q

Define Spontaneous Generation.Which scientist ended up disproving it?

A

It means that living things can arise from dead matter.Pasteur convinced disproved this idea.

71
Q

What are the four major chemical elements that make up cells?

A

Carbon,nitrogen,hydrogen, and oxygen.

Science 10 Biology (2 decks)

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