Bio Tips Flashcards
‘Able to adapt’
Okay for natural selection
Osmosis in a plant cell - more concentrated outside
Water osmoses out of the cell cytoplasm, and therefore out of the vacuole
Number of alleles
Think about homozygous - one cell will have 2, heterozygous - one cell will have 1
Increasing rate
Doubling both substrate and enzyme means rate stays the same!!
Stirring increases rate
Volume of gas produced
πr2h
Pay attention to diameter!
Observable at 40x
Cell wall ✅
Mitochondria ❌
Chromosomes ❌
Number of strands of DNA
Chromosome number x2
Number of dna molecules x2
Rate of product formed per enzyme molecule
Mg/min-1
Inserting a gene into another gene
Means the original gene cannot function
Proteins are more likely to be similar in
Look at DNA sequences - which amino acids will be produced
Trying to stop resistance
Maintains genetic variation
Mutations can change
Sequence of bases, proteins produced and alleles (if genotype has changed)
Chromosomes still contain the same genes
Binary fission
Could have mutations
Oxygen debt
Does not take into account oxygen used for aerobic respiration
Only starts at rest
Due to another environmental factor
Is everything controlled? Probs not
Mitosis:
Is not growth or repair, just replacement
It is never just anaerobic respiration taking place
!
Natural selection
Competition can be intraspecific or interspecific
Translocation
Can go from leaves to roots
Carbon cycle:
Digestion: animals digesting pants, decomposers digesting animals
Respiration: of plants, animals and decomposers straight into atmosphere
Diabetes treatment
… insulin injections?
Advantageous alléles
Have to be formed in gametes, not somatic cells
Remember:
Genes are found in every cell
Phenotypic Ratio
Remember, in dominant conditions both the homozygous dominant and the heterozygous have the same phenotype
If given a diagram
Observe all features
Eg lumen size, wall diameter
Ureter
Kidney -> bladder
Highest concentration of urea
Urethra
Bladder -> outside world
Urine
Renal vein
Low urea conc
Double axis
Look at the values! Are they the same??
If respiration stops
Passive processes are unaffected for a time
Differences in glucose concentration
Are not necessarily Indicative if changes in water concentration
Clean water
Stonefly
Mayfly
Low pollution
Shrimp
Caddis
Moderate pollution
Bloodworm
Water louse
High pollution
Sludge worm
Red-tailed maggot
Very high pollution
No living insects
Pollution
Point at which pollution flows in means none has occurred yet
Tropisme
Cells that are elogating - they are obviously larger
That is where there is a higher concentration of hormone
Unidirectional light causes changes in plant hormone levels
Hardy Weinburg
Draw a table of multiples for each allele to find genotype (and therefore phenotype) probabilities
Amount of energy passed on at each trophic level
It’s like composite growth
The bronchus
Multiple tissues working together - it is an organ
If genes are only found on X Christine
Gene does not appear on Y
Men will only have allele of phenotype
Substrate
Cannot be produced! Language is important!
If substrate levels are increased
Rate of substrate loss, rate of ESC formation and rate of product formed per enzyme stay the same
Diploid
46 chromosomes
Drawing allele grids
It’s a probability grid
Do it like a hétérozygote with probabilities of each allele multiplied for genotype probability
