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NSAA > Bio > Flashcards

Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces chromosome number

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2
Q

Fertilisation

A

Restores the chromosome complement

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical offspring when no mutations occur

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring genetically different in relation to each other and the parents, leading to increased variation

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5
Q

Dominant gene

A

When alleles are different, this is the gene which is expressed

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6
Q

Recessive gene

A

When alleles are different, this is the one which is masked

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7
Q

What causes variation in offspring

A
  • Genetic variation in gamete cells produced by meiosis

* Random fertilisation of ova by Male gametes

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8
Q

How genetics causes variation

A

Following sexual reproduction or mutation, organisms will have different version of genes to another individual

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9
Q

Inherited mutation

A

A mutation which occurs during meiosis and therefore affects all of the cells of the individual developing form the gamete

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10
Q

Genetic engineering

A

1) cut out the desired section of DNA using restriction enzymes
2) cut open a plasmid using different restriction enzymes, creating complementary sticky ends
3) seal the plasmid with the DNA using Ligase
4) put the genetically engineered plasmid into a bacterial cell as a vector. The bacterium is now transgenic.
5) the new protein will be read, produced and the desired characteristic expressed
6) as the bacteria divides by binary fission, a population that expresses the desired characteristic is expressed.

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11
Q

Why use plasmids?

A

Contain non-essential genes- they can be modified without killing the bacterium

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12
Q

GM Basics

A
  • restriction enzymes recognise specific sequences or DNA and cut the DNA at these points
  • Ligase used to join the two pieces of DNA together
  • two different bits of DNA stuck together - recombinant DNA
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13
Q

Selective breeding

A
  • select two individual with the desired characteristics
  • put them in the same pen/use artificial insemination to ensure the male gametes fuse with the female gametes (breeding)
  • identify offspring with the desired characterises and continues to selectively breed with those only (not all will be successful due to chance)
  • repress over several generations until the desired characteristic is fully developed.
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14
Q

Why is selective breeding done?

A
  • maximum yield
  • good health
  • disease resistant
  • improve temperament, speed, fertility, mothering skills
  • improve attractiveness, smell
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15
Q

Advantages of selective breeding

A
  • cheap

* faster production of meat

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16
Q

Disadvantages of selective breeding

A
  • bad environment for animals
  • ethics -> can cause harm to animals
  • ‘playing God’
  • inbreeding -> can result in genetic abnormalities and infertility
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17
Q

Examples of selective breeding

A
  • cows which have a high milk yield
  • hens which lay big eggs of a particular colour
  • cattle with a high meat yield
  • tomato plants with a high yield
  • crops that are resistant to certain plant diseases
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18
Q

Populations

A

Have extensive genetic variation

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19
Q

Evolution

A

A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species

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20
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

1) originally, none of the bacteria were resistant and penicillin was not used
2) doctors began to use penicillin, which killed the bacteria
3) a chance mutation have some bacteria resistance to the antibiotic
4) these bacteria were better adapted to an environment were penicillin was used
5) they survived in greater numbers to reproduce and passed on the resistance allele
6) this was related with each generation of bacteria
7) the proportion of bacteria with the resistance allele increased until most had the allele

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21
Q

Natural selection

A

Of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment

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22
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Nerve cells responsible for transducing external stimuli into internal electrical impulses

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23
Q

Diffusion in non-living system

A

1) make up some agar jelly with phenolphthalein and dilute sodium hydroxide (will be pink)
2) put some dilute hydrochloric acid in a beaker, cut a few cubes from the jelly and put them in
3) if left for a while, they will turn colourless as the acid diffuses into the agar jelly and neutralises the sodium hydroxide
4) use different sized cubes and time how long it takes for each cube to go colourless (largest SA:Vol is quickest)

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24
Q

Osmosis in a living system

A

1) cut up a potato into identical cylinders, measure the length
2) get some beakers with different sugar solutions in them (pure water-> very concentrated sugar solution)
3) leave a few cylinders in each beaker for half an hour
4) remove the cylinders and remeasure length
5) if water has been taken in they should be longer. If water has been given out, they should have shrunk
6) control volume of solution and time run for

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25
Q

Osmosis in a non-living system

A

1) fix some visking tubing (partially permeable membrane) over the end of a thistle funnel. Pour some sugar solution down the glare tube into the thistle funnel
2) put the thistle funnel into a beaker of pure water- measure where the sugar solution comes up to on the glass tube
3) leave the apparatus overnight. Measure where the solution is in the glass tube. Water should be drawn through the visiting tubing by osmosis, forcing the solution up the glass tube

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26
Q

Relay neurones

A

Pass signals between neurones

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27
Q

Motor neurones

A

Nerve cell conducting impulses to effectors

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28
Q

Effector

A

Cells that bring about a response to stimuli:
• muscle cells contract
• cells found in glands secrete hormones

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29
Q

Synapse

A
  • connection (junctions) between two neurones
  • neurotransmitters (chemicals) diffuse through the membrane of the neurone into the synapse (high > low)
  • neurotransmitters bind to the binding site of the next neurone
  • triggers a new electrical signal at the next neurone
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30
Q

Reflex arc

A

1) receptors detect the stimulus and send an impulse along sensory neurones
2) the sensory neurone passes the impulse across the spinal cord to a relay neurone over a synapse
3) the relay neurone then passes the impulse to a motor neurone over a synapse
4) motor neurone causes the effector to contract, and therefore move away from the stimulus

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31
Q

Reflexes

A
  • automated responses to certain stimuli
  • do not involve the brain
  • reduce the chance of injury
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32
Q

Kidney function

A
  • Filters the blood
  • removing excess materials (urea)
  • passing them into the bladder to be excreted
  • adjustment of ions in the blood
  • adjustment of water content of the blood
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33
Q

Ultrafiltration

A
  • the renal artery in the glomerulus gets thinner, creating high pressure
  • the pressure forces small molecules (urea, glucose, amino acids, salts, water) across into the Bowman’s capsule, forming glomerular filtrate
  • larger molecules (proteins, red blood cells) are too big to fit across- they stay in the blood
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34
Q

Selective reabsorption

A
  • the glomerular filtrate travels to the PCT
  • specialised cells in the PCT pump the useful materials back into the bloodstream via active transport
  • all glucose is reabsorbed, 80% water reabsorbed, sufficient ions are reabsorbed (excess are excreted)
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35
Q

Waste release

A
  • water, ions and urea form urine
  • continues out of the nephron, through the ureter and down to the bladder
  • stored and then released via the urethra
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36
Q

Water reabsorption basics

A
  • water is taken into the body as food and drink
  • water is lost by sweating, breathing and urinating
  • if water concentration is low, as much reabsorption as possible happens- low volume of highly concentrated urine
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37
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the constant balancing of water coming in and going out

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38
Q

When water conc is low

A
  • anti diuretic hormone
  • hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland, telling it to release more ADH
  • ADH diffuses our of the capillaries by the collecting duct and binds with the receptors on the surface of the collecting duct cells
  • triggers the wall of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water; more is reabsorbed
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39
Q

Negative feedback

A

When something becomes too high or too low, a mechanism is triggered that brings it back to normal

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40
Q

Water reabsorption process

A

Hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland, telling it to release more ADH
ADH travels to the capillaries surrounding the collecting duct
The ADH diffuses out of the blood, binding with receptors on the surface of the collecting duct cells
This triggers the wall of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water, more is reabsorbed

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41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors temperature of the blood

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42
Q

Controlling body temp

A
  • very little sweat is produced
  • blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict (vasoconstriction), less blood flows near the surface, less energy is transferred to the surroundings by radiation
  • shivering increases your rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm the body
  • hairs stand on end to trap and insulating layer of air
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43
Q

High glucose levels

A

Insulin is produced and enters the blood- it allows glucose to be absorbed into the body cells. When glucose is too high for too long vision can become blurry and severe weight loss can occur

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44
Q

FSH

A
  • Released by pituitary gland
  • Female sex hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Target is the the follicle in the ovary
  • Effect: follicle develops and ovum matures, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen (which inhibits release of FSH)
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45
Q

LH

A

• Released by pituitary gland
• Female sex hormone
• Luteinising hormone
• Target: follicle in ovary
• Effect: ovulation, follicle in ovary releases mature ovum into oviduct
Remnants of follicle becomes corpus luteum

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46
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

1) day 1: menstruation starts (uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days)
2) days 4-14: uterus linking builds up into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels (ready to receive a fertilised egg)
3) day 14: egg develops and is released -> ovulation
4) days 14-28: wall is maintained

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47
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • Secreted from the follicle in the ovary
  • Target: the pituitary gland & the uterus lining
  • Effect: inhibits FSH production stimulates LH production and thickens the uterus lining
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48
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Secreted from the corpus luteum in the ovary
  • Target: pituitary gland, uterus lining
  • FSH and LH inhibited (stops further ova being matured and released), thickness of uterus lining maintained
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49
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A
  • cardiovascular
  • many cancers
  • some lung and liver (nutrition)
  • type 2 diabetes
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50
Q

Cardiovascular treatments

A
  • life long medication (statins, anticoagulants, anti-hypertensive drugs)
  • surgical procedures (stents and bypass - CHD)
  • lifestyle changes (no smoking, more exercise, balanced diet)
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51
Q

Community

A

The populations of all the species present in an ecosystem at a particular time

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52
Q

Community interaction

A
  • feeding off each other (recycling nutrients)
  • competing for resources
  • using abiotic resources

Affected by biotic and abiotic

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53
Q

Ecosystem

A

An area where organisms interact with their physical environment

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54
Q

Factors affecting population

A

Varying of biotic and abiotic factors

  • environmental conditions (temperature, light intensity, moisture level, soil pH)
  • toxic chemicals (chemical pesticides or fertilisers) can cause bioaccumulation, where organisms at the top receive a toxic dose. Also eutrophication
  • availability of food
  • number of predators
  • competition
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55
Q

Importance of interdependence in ecosystems

A
  • predation
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
  • competition
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56
Q

Photosynthetic organisms

A

The primary producers of food (and therefore biomass) in an ecosystem

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57
Q

Carbon cycle

A

1) when plants photosynthesis, carbon atoms form carbon dioxide and become part of glucose molecules (stored as starch)
2) • plants respire- glucose is broken down -> CO2 released into air
• plants are eaten by animals which respire -> CO2 into air
• when the plant of animal dies, decomposers (bacteria and fungi) d on them. The decomposers respire -> CO2 into air
3) fossilisation occurs when living things do not decay fully, forming fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, pest) which are locked in over millions years.
4) when fossil fuels are burnt, CO2 is released into atmosphere

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58
Q

Water cycle..

A

…

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59
Q

Quadrats used to investigate abundance

A
  • place the quadrat on the ground
  • count the population inside the quadrat
  • if individuals are on the edge, only count those on the top and left edges (not right and bottom)
  • calculate the area of the habitat
  • measure the number of individuals in one quadrat and repeat to ensure reliability
  • calculate the average number of individuals in a quadrat
  • calculate how many quadrat fit in the total area
  • multiply the results from steps 3&4
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60
Q

Belt transects

A

1) mark out a line in the area
2) place transect along this line
3) collect data along the transect using quadrants next to each other (or regular intervals)
4) count all the organisms of the spices, or estimate percentage cover
5) repeat and calculate mean
6) plot graph to see if the changing abiotic factor correlated with the change in distribution of species

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61
Q

Aquaculture

A

..

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62
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

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63
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
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64
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
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65
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
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66
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
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67
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
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68
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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69
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

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70
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

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71
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

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72
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

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73
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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74
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

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75
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

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76
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

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77
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
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78
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

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79
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
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80
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
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81
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
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82
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
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83
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
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84
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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85
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

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86
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

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87
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

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88
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

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89
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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90
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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91
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

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1
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2
3
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5
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92
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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93
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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94
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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99
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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100
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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101
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

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3
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102
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

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103
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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106
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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107
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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108
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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117
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

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1
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2
3
4
5
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118
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

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2
3
4
5
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119
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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2
3
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5
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122
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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133
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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138
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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149
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

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2
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172
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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173
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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181
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

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1
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2
3
4
5
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182
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

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2
3
4
5
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183
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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185
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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186
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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197
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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199
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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2
3
4
5
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202
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
217
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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218
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
221
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
225
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
227
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
236
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
238
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
240
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
243
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
244
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
245
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
247
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
248
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
249
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
250
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
251
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
252
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
253
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
254
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
255
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
256
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
257
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
258
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
259
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
260
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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2
3
4
5
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261
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
262
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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263
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
264
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
265
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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266
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
267
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
268
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
269
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
270
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
271
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
272
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
273
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
274
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
275
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
276
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
277
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
278
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
279
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
280
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
281
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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282
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
283
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
284
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
285
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
286
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
287
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
288
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
289
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
290
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
291
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
292
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
293
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
294
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
295
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
296
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
297
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
298
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
299
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
300
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
301
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
302
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
303
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
304
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
305
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
306
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
307
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
308
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
309
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
310
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
311
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
312
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
313
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
314
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
315
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
316
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
317
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
318
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
319
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
320
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
321
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
322
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
323
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
324
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
325
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
326
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
327
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
328
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
329
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
330
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
331
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
332
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
333
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
334
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
335
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
336
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
337
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
338
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
339
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
340
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

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3
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341
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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342
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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343
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
344
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
345
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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3
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5
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346
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
347
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
348
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
349
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
350
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
351
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
352
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
353
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
354
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
355
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
356
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
357
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
358
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
359
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
360
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
361
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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362
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
363
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
364
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
365
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
366
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
367
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
368
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
369
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
370
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
371
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
372
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
373
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
374
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
375
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
376
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
377
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
378
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
379
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
380
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
381
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
382
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
383
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
384
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
385
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
386
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
387
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
388
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
389
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
390
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
391
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
392
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
393
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
394
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
395
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
396
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
397
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
398
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
399
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
400
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
401
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
402
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
403
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
404
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
405
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
406
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
407
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
408
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
409
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
410
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
411
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
412
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
413
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
414
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
415
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
416
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
417
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
418
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
419
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
420
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
421
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
422
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
423
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
424
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
425
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
426
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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427
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
428
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
429
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
430
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
431
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
432
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
433
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
434
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
435
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
436
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
437
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
438
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
439
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
440
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
441
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

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2
3
4
5
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442
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
443
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
444
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
445
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
446
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
447
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
448
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
449
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
450
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
451
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
452
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
453
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
454
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
455
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
456
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
457
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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458
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
459
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
460
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
461
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
462
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
463
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
464
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
465
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
466
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
467
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
468
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
469
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
470
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
471
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
472
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
473
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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474
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
475
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
476
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
477
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
478
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
479
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
480
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
481
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
482
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
483
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
484
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
485
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
486
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
487
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
488
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
489
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
490
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
491
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
492
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
493
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
494
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
495
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
496
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
497
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
498
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
499
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
500
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
501
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
502
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
503
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
504
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
505
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

506
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

507
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

508
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

509
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
510
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

511
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
512
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
513
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
514
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
515
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
516
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

517
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

518
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

519
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

520
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

521
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

522
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

523
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

524
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

525
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
526
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

527
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
528
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
529
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
530
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
531
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
532
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

533
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

534
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

535
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

536
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

537
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

538
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

539
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

540
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

541
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
542
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

543
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
544
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
545
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
546
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
547
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
548
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

549
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

550
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

551
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

552
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

553
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

554
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

555
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

556
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

557
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
558
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

559
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
560
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
561
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
562
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
563
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
564
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

565
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

566
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

567
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

568
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

569
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

570
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

571
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

572
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

573
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
574
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

575
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
576
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
577
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
578
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
579
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
580
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

581
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

582
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

583
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

584
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

585
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

586
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

587
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

588
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

589
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
590
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

591
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
592
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
593
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
594
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
595
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
596
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

597
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

598
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

599
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

600
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

601
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

602
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

603
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

604
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

605
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
606
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

607
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
608
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
609
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
610
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
611
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
612
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

613
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

614
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

615
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

616
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

617
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

618
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

619
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

620
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

621
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
622
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

623
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
624
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
625
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
626
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
627
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
628
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

629
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

630
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

631
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

632
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

633
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

634
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

635
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

636
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

637
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
638
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

639
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
640
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
641
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
642
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
643
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
644
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

645
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

646
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

647
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

648
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

649
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

650
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

651
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

652
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

653
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
654
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

655
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
656
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
657
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
658
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
659
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
660
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

661
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

662
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

663
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

664
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

665
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

666
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

667
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

668
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

669
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
670
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

671
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
672
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
673
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
674
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
675
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
676
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

677
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

678
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

679
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

680
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

681
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

682
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

683
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

684
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

685
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
686
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

687
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
688
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
689
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
690
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
691
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
692
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

693
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

694
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

695
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

696
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

697
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

698
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

699
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

700
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

701
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
702
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

703
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
704
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
705
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
706
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
707
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
708
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

709
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

710
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

711
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

712
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

713
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

714
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

715
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

716
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

717
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
718
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

719
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
720
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
721
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
722
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
723
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
724
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

725
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

726
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

727
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

728
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

729
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

730
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

731
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

732
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

733
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
734
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

735
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
736
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
737
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
738
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
739
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
740
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

741
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

742
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

743
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

744
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

745
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

746
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

747
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

748
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

749
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
750
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

751
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
752
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
753
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
754
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
755
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
756
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

757
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

758
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

759
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

760
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

761
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

762
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

763
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

764
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

765
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
766
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

767
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
768
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
769
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
770
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
771
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
772
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

773
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

774
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

775
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

776
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

777
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

778
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

779
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

780
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

781
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
782
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

783
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
784
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
785
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
786
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
787
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
788
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

789
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

790
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

791
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

792
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

793
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

794
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

795
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

796
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

797
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
798
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

799
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
800
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
801
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
802
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
803
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
804
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

805
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

806
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

807
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

808
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

809
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

810
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

811
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

812
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

813
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
814
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

815
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
816
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
817
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
818
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
819
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
820
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

821
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

822
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

823
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

824
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

825
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

826
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

827
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

828
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

829
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
830
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

831
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
832
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
833
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
834
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
835
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
836
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

837
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

838
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

839
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

840
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

841
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

842
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

843
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

844
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

845
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
846
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

847
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
848
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
849
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
850
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
851
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
852
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

853
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

854
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

855
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

856
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

857
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

858
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

859
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

860
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

861
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
862
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

863
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
864
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
865
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
866
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
867
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
868
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

869
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

870
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

871
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

872
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

873
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

874
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

875
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

876
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

877
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
878
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

879
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
880
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
881
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
882
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
883
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
884
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

885
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

886
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

887
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

888
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

889
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

890
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

891
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

892
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

893
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
894
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

895
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
896
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
897
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
898
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
899
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
900
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

901
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

902
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

903
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

904
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

905
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

906
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

907
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

908
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

909
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
910
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

911
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
912
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
913
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
914
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
915
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
916
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

917
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

918
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

919
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

920
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

921
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

922
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

923
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

924
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

925
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
926
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

927
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
928
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
929
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
930
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
931
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
932
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

933
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

934
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

935
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

936
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

937
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

938
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

939
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

940
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

941
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
942
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

943
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
944
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
945
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
946
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
947
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
948
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

949
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

950
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

951
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

952
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

953
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

954
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

955
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

956
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

957
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
958
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

959
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
960
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
961
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
962
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
963
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
964
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

965
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

966
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

967
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

968
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

969
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

970
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

971
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

972
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

973
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
974
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

975
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
976
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
977
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
978
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
979
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
980
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

981
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

982
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

983
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

984
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

985
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

986
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

987
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

988
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

989
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
990
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

991
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
992
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
993
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
994
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
995
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
996
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

997
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

998
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

999
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1000
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1001
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1002
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1003
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1004
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1005
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1006
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1007
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1008
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1009
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1010
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1011
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1012
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1013
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1014
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1015
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1016
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1017
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1018
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1019
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1020
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1021
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1022
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1023
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1024
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1025
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1026
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1027
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1028
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1029
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1030
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1031
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1032
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1033
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1034
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1035
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1036
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1037
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1038
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1039
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1040
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1041
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1042
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1043
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1044
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1045
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1046
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1047
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1048
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1049
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1050
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1051
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1052
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1053
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1054
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1055
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1056
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1057
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1058
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1059
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1060
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1061
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1062
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1063
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1064
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1065
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1066
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1067
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1068
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1069
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1070
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1071
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1072
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1073
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1074
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1075
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1076
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1077
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1078
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1079
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1080
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1081
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1082
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1083
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1084
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1085
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1086
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1087
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1088
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1089
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1090
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1091
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1092
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1093
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1094
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1095
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1096
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1097
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1098
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1099
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1100
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1101
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1102
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1103
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1104
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1105
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1106
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1107
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1108
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1109
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1110
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1111
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1112
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1113
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1114
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1115
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1116
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1117
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1118
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1119
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1120
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1121
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1122
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1123
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1124
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1125
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1126
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1127
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1128
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1129
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1130
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1131
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1132
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1133
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1134
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1135
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1136
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1137
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1138
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1139
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1140
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1141
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1142
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1143
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1144
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1145
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1146
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1147
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1148
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1149
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1150
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1151
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1152
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1153
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1154
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1155
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1156
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1157
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1158
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1159
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1160
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1161
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1162
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1163
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1164
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1165
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1166
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1167
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1168
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1169
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1170
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1171
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1172
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1173
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1174
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1175
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1176
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1177
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1178
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1179
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1180
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1181
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1182
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1183
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1184
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1185
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1186
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1187
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1188
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1189
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1190
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1191
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1192
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1193
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1194
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1195
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1196
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1197
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1198
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1199
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1200
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1201
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1202
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1203
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1204
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1205
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1206
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1207
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1208
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1209
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1210
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1211
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1212
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1213
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1214
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1215
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1216
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1217
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1218
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1219
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1220
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1221
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1222
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1223
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1224
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1225
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1226
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1227
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1228
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1229
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1230
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1231
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1232
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1233
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1234
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1235
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1236
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1237
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1238
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1239
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1240
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1241
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1242
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1243
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1244
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1245
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1246
Q

Most common species to farm

A

Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn

1247
Q

Describe aquaculture

A
  • kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
  • protected from interspecific predation
  • diet controlled to maximise energy
  • young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
  • fish can be selectively bred
1248
Q

Describe aquaculture in tanks

A
  • water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
  • diet controller
  • water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1249
Q

Why is fish farming done?

A
  • increase demand
  • increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
  • approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1250
Q

Advantages of fish farming

A
  • on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
  • on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
  • on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
  • fish are protected from predators
  • pesticide are used to kill parasites
  • selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1251
Q

Disadvantages of fish farming

A
  • higher potential for the spread of disease
  • antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
  • organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
  • pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
  • wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1252
Q

Acid rain

A

Rain with pollutants dissolved in it

1253
Q

Which gases cause acid rain

A

Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

1254
Q

How are toxic gases released

A

Cars and factories

1255
Q

Acid rain formation

A

Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)

1256
Q

Effects of acid rain

A

1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.

1257
Q

Eutrophication

A

…

1258
Q

Eutrophication

A

1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically

1259
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen

1260
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells

1261
Q

Root hair cells

A
  • the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
  • microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
  • stick out into the soil
  • each branch of a root has millions
  • water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport

NSAA (6 decks)

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