Bio Flashcards
1
Q
Meiosis
A
Reduces chromosome number
2
Q
Fertilisation
A
Restores the chromosome complement
3
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
Genetically identical offspring when no mutations occur
4
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
Offspring genetically different in relation to each other and the parents, leading to increased variation
5
Q
Dominant gene
A
When alleles are different, this is the gene which is expressed
6
Q
Recessive gene
A
When alleles are different, this is the one which is masked
7
Q
What causes variation in offspring
A
- Genetic variation in gamete cells produced by meiosis
* Random fertilisation of ova by Male gametes
8
Q
How genetics causes variation
A
Following sexual reproduction or mutation, organisms will have different version of genes to another individual
9
Q
Inherited mutation
A
A mutation which occurs during meiosis and therefore affects all of the cells of the individual developing form the gamete
10
Q
Genetic engineering
A
1) cut out the desired section of DNA using restriction enzymes
2) cut open a plasmid using different restriction enzymes, creating complementary sticky ends
3) seal the plasmid with the DNA using Ligase
4) put the genetically engineered plasmid into a bacterial cell as a vector. The bacterium is now transgenic.
5) the new protein will be read, produced and the desired characteristic expressed
6) as the bacteria divides by binary fission, a population that expresses the desired characteristic is expressed.
11
Q
Why use plasmids?
A
Contain non-essential genes- they can be modified without killing the bacterium
12
Q
GM Basics
A
- restriction enzymes recognise specific sequences or DNA and cut the DNA at these points
- Ligase used to join the two pieces of DNA together
- two different bits of DNA stuck together - recombinant DNA
13
Q
Selective breeding
A
- select two individual with the desired characteristics
- put them in the same pen/use artificial insemination to ensure the male gametes fuse with the female gametes (breeding)
- identify offspring with the desired characterises and continues to selectively breed with those only (not all will be successful due to chance)
- repress over several generations until the desired characteristic is fully developed.
14
Q
Why is selective breeding done?
A
- maximum yield
- good health
- disease resistant
- improve temperament, speed, fertility, mothering skills
- improve attractiveness, smell
15
Q
Advantages of selective breeding
A
- cheap
* faster production of meat
16
Q
Disadvantages of selective breeding
A
- bad environment for animals
- ethics -> can cause harm to animals
- ‘playing God’
- inbreeding -> can result in genetic abnormalities and infertility
17
Q
Examples of selective breeding
A
- cows which have a high milk yield
- hens which lay big eggs of a particular colour
- cattle with a high meat yield
- tomato plants with a high yield
- crops that are resistant to certain plant diseases
18
Q
Populations
A
Have extensive genetic variation
19
Q
Evolution
A
A change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species
20
Q
Antibiotic resistance
A
1) originally, none of the bacteria were resistant and penicillin was not used
2) doctors began to use penicillin, which killed the bacteria
3) a chance mutation have some bacteria resistance to the antibiotic
4) these bacteria were better adapted to an environment were penicillin was used
5) they survived in greater numbers to reproduce and passed on the resistance allele
6) this was related with each generation of bacteria
7) the proportion of bacteria with the resistance allele increased until most had the allele
21
Q
Natural selection
A
Of variants that give rise to phenotypes best suited to their environment
22
Q
Sensory neurones
A
Nerve cells responsible for transducing external stimuli into internal electrical impulses
23
Q
Diffusion in non-living system
A
1) make up some agar jelly with phenolphthalein and dilute sodium hydroxide (will be pink)
2) put some dilute hydrochloric acid in a beaker, cut a few cubes from the jelly and put them in
3) if left for a while, they will turn colourless as the acid diffuses into the agar jelly and neutralises the sodium hydroxide
4) use different sized cubes and time how long it takes for each cube to go colourless (largest SA:Vol is quickest)
24
Q
Osmosis in a living system
A
1) cut up a potato into identical cylinders, measure the length
2) get some beakers with different sugar solutions in them (pure water-> very concentrated sugar solution)
3) leave a few cylinders in each beaker for half an hour
4) remove the cylinders and remeasure length
5) if water has been taken in they should be longer. If water has been given out, they should have shrunk
6) control volume of solution and time run for
25
Osmosis in a non-living system
1) fix some visking tubing (partially permeable membrane) over the end of a thistle funnel. Pour some sugar solution down the glare tube into the thistle funnel
2) put the thistle funnel into a beaker of pure water- measure where the sugar solution comes up to on the glass tube
3) leave the apparatus overnight. Measure where the solution is in the glass tube. Water should be drawn through the visiting tubing by osmosis, forcing the solution up the glass tube
26
Relay neurones
Pass signals between neurones
27
Motor neurones
Nerve cell conducting impulses to effectors
28
Effector
Cells that bring about a response to stimuli:
• muscle cells contract
• cells found in glands secrete hormones
29
Synapse
* connection (junctions) between two neurones
* neurotransmitters (chemicals) diffuse through the membrane of the neurone into the synapse (high > low)
* neurotransmitters bind to the binding site of the next neurone
* triggers a new electrical signal at the next neurone
30
Reflex arc
1) receptors detect the stimulus and send an impulse along sensory neurones
2) the sensory neurone passes the impulse across the spinal cord to a relay neurone over a synapse
3) the relay neurone then passes the impulse to a motor neurone over a synapse
4) motor neurone causes the effector to contract, and therefore move away from the stimulus
31
Reflexes
* automated responses to certain stimuli
* do not involve the brain
* reduce the chance of injury
32
Kidney function
* Filters the blood
* removing excess materials (urea)
* passing them into the bladder to be excreted
* adjustment of ions in the blood
* adjustment of water content of the blood
33
Ultrafiltration
* the renal artery in the glomerulus gets thinner, creating high pressure
* the pressure forces small molecules (urea, glucose, amino acids, salts, water) across into the Bowman's capsule, forming glomerular filtrate
* larger molecules (proteins, red blood cells) are too big to fit across- they stay in the blood
34
Selective reabsorption
* the glomerular filtrate travels to the PCT
* specialised cells in the PCT pump the useful materials back into the bloodstream via active transport
* all glucose is reabsorbed, 80% water reabsorbed, sufficient ions are reabsorbed (excess are excreted)
35
Waste release
* water, ions and urea form urine
* continues out of the nephron, through the ureter and down to the bladder
* stored and then released via the urethra
36
Water reabsorption basics
* water is taken into the body as food and drink
* water is lost by sweating, breathing and urinating
* if water concentration is low, as much reabsorption as possible happens- low volume of highly concentrated urine
37
Osmoregulation
the constant balancing of water coming in and going out
38
When water conc is low
* anti diuretic hormone
* hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland, telling it to release more ADH
* ADH diffuses our of the capillaries by the collecting duct and binds with the receptors on the surface of the collecting duct cells
* triggers the wall of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water; more is reabsorbed
39
Negative feedback
When something becomes too high or too low, a mechanism is triggered that brings it back to normal
40
Water reabsorption process
Hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the pituitary gland, telling it to release more ADH
ADH travels to the capillaries surrounding the collecting duct
The ADH diffuses out of the blood, binding with receptors on the surface of the collecting duct cells
This triggers the wall of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water, more is reabsorbed
41
Hypothalamus
Monitors temperature of the blood
42
Controlling body temp
* very little sweat is produced
* blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict (vasoconstriction), less blood flows near the surface, less energy is transferred to the surroundings by radiation
* shivering increases your rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm the body
* hairs stand on end to trap and insulating layer of air
43
High glucose levels
Insulin is produced and enters the blood- it allows glucose to be absorbed into the body cells. When glucose is too high for too long vision can become blurry and severe weight loss can occur
44
FSH
* Released by pituitary gland
* Female sex hormone
* Follicle stimulating hormone
* Target is the the follicle in the ovary
* Effect: follicle develops and ovum matures, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen (which inhibits release of FSH)
45
LH
• Released by pituitary gland
• Female sex hormone
• Luteinising hormone
• Target: follicle in ovary
• Effect: ovulation, follicle in ovary releases mature ovum into oviduct
Remnants of follicle becomes corpus luteum
46
Menstrual cycle
1) day 1: menstruation starts (uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days)
2) days 4-14: uterus linking builds up into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels (ready to receive a fertilised egg)
3) day 14: egg develops and is released -> ovulation
4) days 14-28: wall is maintained
47
Oestrogen
* Secreted from the follicle in the ovary
* Target: the pituitary gland & the uterus lining
* Effect: inhibits FSH production stimulates LH production and thickens the uterus lining
48
Progesterone
* Secreted from the corpus luteum in the ovary
* Target: pituitary gland, uterus lining
* FSH and LH inhibited (stops further ova being matured and released), thickness of uterus lining maintained
49
Non-communicable diseases
* cardiovascular
* many cancers
* some lung and liver (nutrition)
* type 2 diabetes
50
Cardiovascular treatments
* life long medication (statins, anticoagulants, anti-hypertensive drugs)
* surgical procedures (stents and bypass - CHD)
* lifestyle changes (no smoking, more exercise, balanced diet)
51
Community
The populations of all the species present in an ecosystem at a particular time
52
Community interaction
* feeding off each other (recycling nutrients)
* competing for resources
* using abiotic resources
Affected by biotic and abiotic
53
Ecosystem
An area where organisms interact with their physical environment
54
Factors affecting population
Varying of biotic and abiotic factors
* environmental conditions (temperature, light intensity, moisture level, soil pH)
* toxic chemicals (chemical pesticides or fertilisers) can cause bioaccumulation, where organisms at the top receive a toxic dose. Also eutrophication
* availability of food
* number of predators
* competition
55
Importance of interdependence in ecosystems
* predation
* mutualism
* parasitism
* competition
56
Photosynthetic organisms
The primary producers of food (and therefore biomass) in an ecosystem
57
Carbon cycle
1) when plants photosynthesis, carbon atoms form carbon dioxide and become part of glucose molecules (stored as starch)
2) • plants respire- glucose is broken down -> CO2 released into air
• plants are eaten by animals which respire -> CO2 into air
• when the plant of animal dies, decomposers (bacteria and fungi) d on them. The decomposers respire -> CO2 into air
3) fossilisation occurs when living things do not decay fully, forming fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, pest) which are locked in over millions years.
4) when fossil fuels are burnt, CO2 is released into atmosphere
58
Water cycle..
...
59
Quadrats used to investigate abundance
* place the quadrat on the ground
* count the population inside the quadrat
* if individuals are on the edge, only count those on the top and left edges (not right and bottom)
* calculate the area of the habitat
* measure the number of individuals in one quadrat and repeat to ensure reliability
* calculate the average number of individuals in a quadrat
* calculate how many quadrat fit in the total area
* multiply the results from steps 3&4
60
Belt transects
1) mark out a line in the area
2) place transect along this line
3) collect data along the transect using quadrants next to each other (or regular intervals)
4) count all the organisms of the spices, or estimate percentage cover
5) repeat and calculate mean
6) plot graph to see if the changing abiotic factor correlated with the change in distribution of species
61
Aquaculture
..
62
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
63
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
64
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
65
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
66
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
67
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
68
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
69
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
70
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
71
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
72
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
73
Eutrophication
...
74
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
75
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
76
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
77
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
78
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
79
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
80
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
81
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
82
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
83
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
84
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
85
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
86
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
87
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
88
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
89
Eutrophication
...
90
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
91
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
92
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
93
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
94
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
95
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
96
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
97
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
98
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
99
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
100
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
101
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
102
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
103
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
104
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
105
Eutrophication
...
106
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
107
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
108
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
109
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
110
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
111
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
112
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
113
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
114
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
115
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
116
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
117
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
118
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
119
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
120
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
121
Eutrophication
...
122
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
123
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
124
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
125
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
126
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
127
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
128
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
129
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
130
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
131
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
132
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
133
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
134
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
135
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
136
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
137
Eutrophication
...
138
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
139
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
140
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
141
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
142
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
143
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
144
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
145
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
146
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
147
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
148
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
149
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
150
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
151
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
152
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
153
Eutrophication
...
154
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
155
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
156
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
157
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
158
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
159
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
160
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
161
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
162
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
163
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
164
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
165
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
166
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
167
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
168
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
169
Eutrophication
...
170
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
171
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
172
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
173
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
174
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
175
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
176
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
177
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
178
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
179
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
180
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
181
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
182
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
183
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
184
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
185
Eutrophication
...
186
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
187
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
188
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
189
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
190
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
191
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
192
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
193
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
194
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
195
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
196
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
197
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
198
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
199
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
200
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
201
Eutrophication
...
202
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
203
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
204
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
205
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
206
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
207
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
208
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
209
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
210
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
211
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
212
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
213
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
214
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
215
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
216
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
217
Eutrophication
...
218
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
219
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
220
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
221
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
222
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
223
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
224
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
225
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
226
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
227
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
228
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
229
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
230
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
231
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
232
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
233
Eutrophication
...
234
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
235
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
236
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
237
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
238
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
239
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
240
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
241
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
242
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
243
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
244
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
245
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
246
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
247
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
248
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
249
Eutrophication
...
250
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
251
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
252
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
253
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
254
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
255
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
256
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
257
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
258
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
259
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
260
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
261
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
262
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
263
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
264
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
265
Eutrophication
...
266
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
267
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
268
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
269
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
270
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
271
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
272
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
273
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
274
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
275
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
276
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
277
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
278
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
279
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
280
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
281
Eutrophication
...
282
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
283
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
284
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
285
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
286
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
287
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
288
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
289
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
290
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
291
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
292
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
293
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
294
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
295
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
296
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
297
Eutrophication
...
298
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
299
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
300
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
301
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
302
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
303
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
304
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
305
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
306
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
307
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
308
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
309
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
310
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
311
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
312
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
313
Eutrophication
...
314
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
315
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
316
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
317
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
318
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
319
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
320
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
321
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
322
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
323
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
324
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
325
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
326
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
327
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
328
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
329
Eutrophication
...
330
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
331
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
332
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
333
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
334
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
335
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
336
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
337
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
338
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
339
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
340
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
341
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
342
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
343
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
344
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
345
Eutrophication
...
346
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
347
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
348
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
349
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
350
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
351
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
352
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
353
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
354
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
355
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
356
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
357
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
358
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
359
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
360
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
361
Eutrophication
...
362
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
363
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
364
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
365
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
366
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
367
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
368
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
369
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
370
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
371
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
372
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
373
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
374
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
375
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
376
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
377
Eutrophication
...
378
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
379
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
380
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
381
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
382
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
383
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
384
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
385
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
386
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
387
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
388
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
389
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
390
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
391
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
392
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
393
Eutrophication
...
394
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
395
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
396
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
397
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
398
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
399
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
400
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
401
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
402
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
403
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
404
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
405
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
406
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
407
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
408
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
409
Eutrophication
...
410
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
411
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
412
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
413
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
414
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
415
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
416
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
417
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
418
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
419
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
420
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
421
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
422
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
423
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
424
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
425
Eutrophication
...
426
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
427
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
428
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
429
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
430
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
431
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
432
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
433
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
434
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
435
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
436
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
437
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
438
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
439
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
440
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
441
Eutrophication
...
442
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
443
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
444
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
445
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
446
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
447
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
448
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
449
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
450
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
451
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
452
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
453
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
454
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
455
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
456
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
457
Eutrophication
...
458
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
459
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
460
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
461
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
462
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
463
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
464
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
465
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
466
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
467
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
468
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
469
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
470
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
471
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
472
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
473
Eutrophication
...
474
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
475
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
476
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
477
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
478
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
479
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
480
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
481
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
482
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
483
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
484
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
485
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
486
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
487
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
488
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
489
Eutrophication
...
490
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
491
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
492
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
493
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
494
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
495
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
496
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
497
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
498
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
499
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
500
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
501
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
502
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
503
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
504
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
505
Eutrophication
...
506
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
507
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
508
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
509
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
510
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
511
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
512
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
513
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
514
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
515
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
516
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
517
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
518
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
519
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
520
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
521
Eutrophication
...
522
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
523
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
524
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
525
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
526
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
527
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
528
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
529
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
530
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
531
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
532
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
533
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
534
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
535
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
536
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
537
Eutrophication
...
538
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
539
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
540
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
541
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
542
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
543
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
544
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
545
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
546
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
547
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
548
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
549
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
550
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
551
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
552
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
553
Eutrophication
...
554
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
555
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
556
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
557
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
558
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
559
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
560
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
561
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
562
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
563
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
564
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
565
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
566
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
567
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
568
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
569
Eutrophication
...
570
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
571
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
572
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
573
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
574
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
575
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
576
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
577
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
578
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
579
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
580
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
581
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
582
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
583
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
584
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
585
Eutrophication
...
586
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
587
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
588
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
589
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
590
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
591
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
592
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
593
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
594
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
595
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
596
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
597
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
598
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
599
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
600
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
601
Eutrophication
...
602
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
603
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
604
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
605
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
606
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
607
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
608
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
609
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
610
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
611
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
612
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
613
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
614
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
615
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
616
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
617
Eutrophication
...
618
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
619
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
620
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
621
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
622
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
623
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
624
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
625
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
626
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
627
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
628
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
629
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
630
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
631
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
632
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
633
Eutrophication
...
634
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
635
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
636
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
637
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
638
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
639
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
640
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
641
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
642
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
643
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
644
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
645
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
646
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
647
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
648
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
649
Eutrophication
...
650
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
651
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
652
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
653
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
654
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
655
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
656
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
657
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
658
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
659
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
660
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
661
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
662
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
663
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
664
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
665
Eutrophication
...
666
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
667
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
668
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
669
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
670
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
671
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
672
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
673
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
674
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
675
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
676
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
677
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
678
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
679
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
680
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
681
Eutrophication
...
682
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
683
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
684
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
685
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
686
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
687
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
688
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
689
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
690
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
691
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
692
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
693
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
694
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
695
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
696
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
697
Eutrophication
...
698
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
699
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
700
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
701
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
702
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
703
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
704
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
705
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
706
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
707
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
708
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
709
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
710
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
711
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
712
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
713
Eutrophication
...
714
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
715
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
716
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
717
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
718
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
719
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
720
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
721
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
722
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
723
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
724
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
725
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
726
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
727
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
728
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
729
Eutrophication
...
730
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
731
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
732
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
733
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
734
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
735
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
736
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
737
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
738
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
739
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
740
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
741
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
742
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
743
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
744
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
745
Eutrophication
...
746
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
747
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
748
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
749
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
750
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
751
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
752
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
753
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
754
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
755
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
756
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
757
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
758
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
759
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
760
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
761
Eutrophication
...
762
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
763
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
764
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
765
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
766
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
767
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
768
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
769
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
770
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
771
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
772
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
773
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
774
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
775
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
776
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
777
Eutrophication
...
778
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
779
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
780
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
781
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
782
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
783
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
784
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
785
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
786
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
787
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
788
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
789
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
790
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
791
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
792
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
793
Eutrophication
...
794
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
795
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
796
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
797
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
798
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
799
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
800
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
801
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
802
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
803
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
804
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
805
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
806
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
807
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
808
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
809
Eutrophication
...
810
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
811
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
812
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
813
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
814
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
815
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
816
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
817
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
818
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
819
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
820
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
821
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
822
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
823
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
824
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
825
Eutrophication
...
826
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
827
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
828
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
829
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
830
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
831
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
832
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
833
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
834
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
835
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
836
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
837
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
838
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
839
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
840
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
841
Eutrophication
...
842
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
843
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
844
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
845
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
846
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
847
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
848
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
849
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
850
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
851
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
852
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
853
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
854
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
855
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
856
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
857
Eutrophication
...
858
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
859
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
860
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
861
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
862
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
863
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
864
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
865
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
866
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
867
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
868
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
869
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
870
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
871
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
872
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
873
Eutrophication
...
874
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
875
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
876
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
877
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
878
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
879
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
880
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
881
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
882
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
883
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
884
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
885
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
886
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
887
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
888
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
889
Eutrophication
...
890
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
891
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
892
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
893
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
894
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
895
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
896
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
897
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
898
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
899
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
900
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
901
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
902
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
903
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
904
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
905
Eutrophication
...
906
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
907
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
908
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
909
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
910
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
911
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
912
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
913
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
914
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
915
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
916
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
917
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
918
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
919
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
920
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
921
Eutrophication
...
922
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
923
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
924
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
925
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
926
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
927
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
928
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
929
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
930
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
931
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
932
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
933
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
934
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
935
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
936
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
937
Eutrophication
...
938
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
939
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
940
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
941
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
942
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
943
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
944
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
945
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
946
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
947
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
948
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
949
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
950
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
951
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
952
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
953
Eutrophication
...
954
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
955
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
956
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
957
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
958
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
959
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
960
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
961
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
962
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
963
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
964
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
965
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
966
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
967
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
968
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
969
Eutrophication
...
970
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
971
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
972
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
973
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
974
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
975
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
976
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
977
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
978
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
979
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
980
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
981
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
982
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
983
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
984
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
985
Eutrophication
...
986
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
987
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
988
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
989
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
990
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
991
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
992
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
993
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
994
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
995
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
996
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
997
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
998
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
999
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1000
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1001
Eutrophication
...
1002
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1003
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1004
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1005
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1006
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1007
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1008
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1009
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1010
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1011
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1012
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1013
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1014
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1015
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1016
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1017
Eutrophication
...
1018
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1019
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1020
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1021
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1022
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1023
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1024
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1025
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1026
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1027
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1028
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1029
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1030
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1031
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1032
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1033
Eutrophication
...
1034
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1035
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1036
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1037
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1038
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1039
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1040
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1041
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1042
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1043
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1044
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1045
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1046
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1047
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1048
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1049
Eutrophication
...
1050
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1051
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1052
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1053
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1054
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1055
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1056
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1057
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1058
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1059
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1060
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1061
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1062
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1063
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1064
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1065
Eutrophication
...
1066
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1067
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1068
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1069
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1070
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1071
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1072
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1073
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1074
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1075
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1076
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1077
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1078
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1079
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1080
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1081
Eutrophication
...
1082
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1083
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1084
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1085
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1086
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1087
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1088
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1089
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1090
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1091
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1092
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1093
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1094
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1095
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1096
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1097
Eutrophication
...
1098
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1099
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1100
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1101
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1102
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1103
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1104
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1105
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1106
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1107
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1108
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1109
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1110
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1111
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1112
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1113
Eutrophication
...
1114
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1115
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1116
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1117
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1118
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1119
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1120
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1121
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1122
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1123
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1124
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1125
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1126
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1127
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1128
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1129
Eutrophication
...
1130
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1131
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1132
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1133
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1134
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1135
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1136
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1137
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1138
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1139
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1140
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1141
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1142
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1143
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1144
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1145
Eutrophication
...
1146
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1147
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1148
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1149
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1150
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1151
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1152
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1153
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1154
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1155
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1156
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1157
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1158
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1159
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1160
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1161
Eutrophication
...
1162
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1163
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1164
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1165
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1166
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1167
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1168
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1169
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1170
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1171
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1172
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1173
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1174
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1175
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1176
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1177
Eutrophication
...
1178
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1179
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1180
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1181
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1182
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1183
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1184
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1185
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1186
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1187
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1188
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1189
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1190
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1191
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1192
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1193
Eutrophication
...
1194
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1195
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1196
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1197
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1198
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1199
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1200
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1201
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1202
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1203
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1204
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1205
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1206
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1207
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1208
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1209
Eutrophication
...
1210
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1211
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1212
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1213
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1214
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1215
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1216
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1217
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1218
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1219
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1220
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1221
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1222
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1223
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1224
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1225
Eutrophication
...
1226
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1227
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1228
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1229
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1230
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1231
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1232
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1233
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1234
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1235
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1236
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1237
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1238
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1239
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1240
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1241
Eutrophication
...
1242
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1243
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1244
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1245
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
1246
Most common species to farm
Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bream, cod, lobsters and prawn
1247
Describe aquaculture
* kept in cages at sea to stop use of energy through moving loads
* protected from interspecific predation
* diet controlled to maximise energy
* young fish reared in special tanks to increase survival rate
* fish can be selectively bred
1248
Describe aquaculture in tanks
* water monitored to check temperature, pH and O2 levels
* diet controller
* water removed and filtered to remove waste food and fish faeces to keep water clean and avoiding pollution
1249
Why is fish farming done?
* increase demand
* increased fishing in the seas means stock has depleted- led to the need for fish farms
* approximately 1/4 of farmed fish is used to make animal feed
1250
Advantages of fish farming
* on land, fish are kept in large seawater enclosures or tanks, in which the water quality is carefully controlled
* on land, temperature and oxygen can also be controlled
* on land and at sea, diet can be controlled (quality and quantity)
* fish are protected from predators
* pesticide are used to kill parasites
* selective breeding can be used to breed faster growing and more placid fish
1251
Disadvantages of fish farming
* higher potential for the spread of disease
* antibiotics used to treat fish may pass into the food chain if they have no degraded in time (bioaccumulation). They may also pass into waterways (leeching)
* organic materials from fæces and food pellets can cause eutrophication
* pesticides used to kill parasites are sometimes highly toxic to other organisms
* wild fish are often used to create the food pellets- this further depleted fish stocks
1252
Acid rain
Rain with pollutants dissolved in it
1253
Which gases cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxides, nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide
1254
How are toxic gases released
Cars and factories
1255
Acid rain formation
Sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides react with the atmospheric water vapour to form dilute acids (sulphuric and nitric)
1256
Effects of acid rain
1) dissolve limestone buildings and statues
2) decrease the pH of rivers and lakes, denaturing the enzymes of the organisms and causing death
3) kills trees and other plants by causing soil to release toxic substances making it hard for trees to take up nutrients
4) increases dissolution of some metal ions into the soil (e.g. aluminium), which run off into rivers and lakes, poisoning fish.
1257
Eutrophication
...
1258
Eutrophication
1) the nitrates are absorbed by the green algae in the water
2) these multiply rapidly and may cover the water ; an algal bloom
3) this blocks out sunlight for other plants in the river, thus they are unable to photosynthesis and die
4) the dead remains provide a good food source for decomposers (bacteria)
5) the bacteria multiply rapidly and respire more, increasingly the B.O.D, using up oxygen in the water
6) conditions become anoxic, other organisms die as they cannot respire aerobically
1259
Photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
1260
Xylem
Transports water absorbed from the roots up the shoot into the leaves for transpiration stream , provides a short diffusion distance for H2O to diffuse into photosynthesising cells
1261
Root hair cells
* the main site of water reabsorption in the roots
* microscopic hair like structures increase surface area of the root epidermis
* stick out into the soil
* each branch of a root has millions
* water by osmosis, mineral ions by active transport
