Bio test prep Flashcards by Carmen Bates

animal cells don’t have…

Chloroplasts or a cell wall

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prophase..(2)

=>chromosomes are still visible
=>nucleus still intact
=>Starts to break down

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Metaphase…(3)

=>Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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Anaphase..(4)

=>Chromosomes move away from each other to opposite sides of the cell.

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Telophase…(5)

=>Nuclei surround each set of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.

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interphase (1)

=>The cell spends 90% of its time in interphase
=>growing, replicating DNA, carrying out cell processes.

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Cytokinesis..(6)

=>Responsible for the final separation of two cells splitting the cytoplasm.

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all living organisms consist of cells or…

the product of cells

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lactic acid is responsible for…

=>muscle fatigue

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Binary fission is responsible for…

cell diffusion in prokaryotic

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chromatids are smaller than …

Chromosomes

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what is meant by “herd immunity”

when a large number of people in a certain area develop immunity against a contagious disease.

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How can the spread of diseases be stopped

Quarantine, the body’s own immune responses and sanitation

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name differences between passive and active transport

=>active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not
=>active transport moves substances from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration whereas passive does not

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what do cells go through Mitosis

Growth and repair

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An example of a chemical mechanism

Stomach acid=has a low Ph therefore killing bacteria

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cells require energy for…

=>Movement
=>synthesis
=>Keep a stable internal environment

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pathogens can enter the body via…

=>contaminated foods
=>direct contact
=>droplet infection (coughing, sneezing etc)

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lipids are…

Water repellent molecules

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platelets initiate…

blood clotting to seal the breach by creating a scab

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non-self =

=>antibody production
=>protein molecules /polysaccharides

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self=

=>humans recognize own tissue and marker
=>proteins as ‘self’ and do not react to these.

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diff between infectious and infectious disease…

=>Infectious diseases are caused by a pathogen
=>Non-infectious diseases not caused by a pathogen

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contagious def..

Can be transmitted from person to person

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how can contagious disease be transmitted?

=>airborne =>bodily fluid

phagocytic engulfs the...

Pathogen , it DOESNT eat it

Phagocytic is a type of cell within the body capable of...

engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Natural killer cells...

=>punch holes in the cells it wants to get rid of =>recognizes self and non-self-cells

Interferons...

=> limits the spread and multiplication of the virus =>chemicals are secreted by cells which are infected by viruses.

Major components of the innate immune response

=>swelling =>redness =>pain =>heat

what distinguishes living things from non-living things?

=>movement =>Responsiveness =>Growth =>Excretes waste etc

all living things carry out fundamental processes called...

Life processes

Living things are made up of...

Cells

Unicellular organisms are made up of...

ONE cell

Multicellular organisms are made up of...

Large numbers of different cells

Different cells are structured the same: true or false

False-Different cells have different structures

cells come from.. Through the process of..

Pre-existing cells through cell division

Cells are the building...of life

Blocks

All cells contain..

DNA

The CELL MEMBRANE controls the...

entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell.

What are the two different types of cells?

=>prokaryotic =>Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic cells are...

=>unspecialized =>very small => single-celled =>no nucleus etc

Eukaryotic cells are...

=>well- organized cells with membrane-bound organelles. =>larger than prokaryotic cells -Has a nucleus etc

Eukaryotic cells are found in...

Plants, animals, and fungi

Prokaryotic cells are found in..

Bacteria

Organelles are the.....of the cell

Organs

Organelles are a specialized...

sub-unit within a cell

The nucleus...

=>controls center of the cell =>contains DNA

do prokaryotic cells have spindle fibers?

permeable=

=>allows water or substances to pass through completely

semi-permeable=

Allows some water or substances to pass through but NOT ALL, based on factors like size, shape, and polarity.

cell- metabolism requires=

specific conditions

diff between parasite and pathogens

=>pathogens tend to kill their host =>parasites do not =>pathogens do not need a host to survive-parasites depend on their host for nutrients and shelter

what do pathogens require to grow in a host?

=>nutrients =>oxygen =>temperature

a toxin is a poisonous substance secreted by a range of pathogens and other organisms. T or F

True

What two white blood cells play a crucial role in phagocytosis

=>Neutrophils => macrophages

What chemical is responsible for redness, heat

histamine

Yeast is used in breadmaking, wine making and beer making. As the yeast grows and reproduces, it undergoes alcohol fermentation, in the same way plant cells do-Name the reactant for this reaction

Glucose

What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?

spindle fibres

The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.

Growth, repair, produce new body cells

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

to package proteins into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body

what is the main function of the mitochondrion?

Aerobic respiration

what is the black balls on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

To act as the site of protein synthesis

Which one of the following statement most appropriately describes the term "endemic"?

A disease that is present at an approximately constant level within a society or country

the innate immune response system responds to all pathogens-T or F

True

"Aerobic means ...

"with oxygen"

The production of ATP using energy is released by ....

breaking down glucose with oxygen and is called aerobic cell respiration.

What is a Vector

An intermediate host that transmits pathogens that cause the diseases.

What moves in and out of cells?

=> Nutrients such as =>gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, proteins, ions and water.

The head of the phospholipid bilayer called the...

Hydrophilic head

When cubes are used to represent cells, The bigger a cell is the...in surface area it is and therefore the....

Lower less efficient it is at exchanging materials

what are the two reactants of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide and water

Describe the effect of increasing carbon dioxide availability on the rate of photosynthesis

rate of photosynthesis will increase =>it is a reactant =>one of the limiting factors of photosynthesis

independent variable is>>>

something the investigator controls or manipulates (time since observation began) etc

Dependent variable>>>

Is the variable being measured eg (number of bacteria in a sample)

some examples of what should be kept the same if an experiment was to be repeated:

-Type of bacteria (whatever was being used) -Growing conditions. Where the bacteria were stored -The surface the bacteria is grown on etc

bacterial infection can become serious very quickly. By referring to the graph above, discuss why this is the case>>>

Bacteria multiplies very quickly. As seen above... this means that the severity of the bacterial infection can increase really quickly

State the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

To package proteins made by ribosomes into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body

The head of the phospholipid=

The phospholipid head, hydrophilic, attracted to water.

Name the process of which molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane...

Diffusion

passive transport because it goes with/against the flow?

With the flow

Cold meats are often heavily salted to decrease the presence of microorganisms. Describe the impact salt has on microorganisms in order to decrease growth.

Salt creates a hypertonic environment =>cells eventually get killed as cells lose their water due to osmosis

what happens to bacterial growth to food kept in a fridge?

The rate of bacterial growth decreases

What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?

spindle fibers

The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.

growth and repair

Burns victims are highly susceptible to infection. Suggest the most likely reason for this.

=>Burns cause wounds =>entry point for pathogens =>susceptible to disease

why would something be non-specific?

has no recognition of antigen and attacks non-self in general

causes small blood vessels called arterioles to dilate or widen at the site of infection. Name this chemical.

Histamine

What is the purpose of dilating blood vessels?

=> allows more blood vessels to come through and engulf the pathogens

how can someone become infected by Hookworm?

-Direct contact -Contaminated food -Walking around barefoot

Suggest why the parasite benefits from living in the intestines of a human host.

=>Body temp is a good environment for parasites =>Nutrients from food