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Bio test prep Flashcards

1
Q

animal cells don’t have…

A

Chloroplasts or a cell wall

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2
Q

prophase..(2)

A

=>chromosomes are still visible
=>nucleus still intact
=>Starts to break down

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3
Q

Metaphase…(3)

A

=>Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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4
Q

Anaphase..(4)

A

=>Chromosomes move away from each other to opposite sides of the cell.

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5
Q

Telophase…(5)

A

=>Nuclei surround each set of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.

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6
Q

interphase (1)

A

=>The cell spends 90% of its time in interphase
=>growing, replicating DNA, carrying out cell processes.

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7
Q

Cytokinesis..(6)

A

=>Responsible for the final separation of two cells splitting the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

all living organisms consist of cells or…

A

the product of cells

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9
Q

lactic acid is responsible for…

A

=>muscle fatigue

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10
Q

Binary fission is responsible for…

A

cell diffusion in prokaryotic

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11
Q

chromatids are smaller than …

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

what is meant by “herd immunity”

A

when a large number of people in a certain area develop immunity against a contagious disease.

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13
Q

How can the spread of diseases be stopped

A

Quarantine, the body’s own immune responses and sanitation

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14
Q

name differences between passive and active transport

A

=>active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not
=>active transport moves substances from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration whereas passive does not

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15
Q

what do cells go through Mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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16
Q

An example of a chemical mechanism

A

Stomach acid=has a low Ph therefore killing bacteria

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17
Q

cells require energy for…

A

=>Movement
=>synthesis
=>Keep a stable internal environment

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18
Q

pathogens can enter the body via…

A

=>contaminated foods
=>direct contact
=>droplet infection (coughing, sneezing etc)

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19
Q

lipids are…

A

Water repellent molecules

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20
Q

platelets initiate…

A

blood clotting to seal the breach by creating a scab

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21
Q

non-self =

A

=>antibody production
=>protein molecules /polysaccharides

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22
Q

self=

A

=>humans recognize own tissue and marker
=>proteins as ‘self’ and do not react to these.

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23
Q

diff between infectious and infectious disease…

A

=>Infectious diseases are caused by a pathogen
=>Non-infectious diseases not caused by a pathogen

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24
Q

contagious def..

A

Can be transmitted from person to person

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25
Q

how can contagious disease be transmitted?

A

=>airborne
=>bodily fluid

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26
Q

phagocytic engulfs the…

A

Pathogen , it DOESNT eat it

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27
Q

Phagocytic is a type of cell within the body capable of…

A

engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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28
Q

Natural killer cells…

A

=>punch holes in the cells it wants to get rid of
=>recognizes self and non-self-cells

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29
Q

Interferons…

A

=> limits the spread and multiplication of the virus
=>chemicals are secreted by cells which are infected by viruses.

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30
Q

Major components of the innate immune response

A

=>swelling
=>redness
=>pain
=>heat

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31
Q

what distinguishes living things from non-living things?

A

=>movement
=>Responsiveness
=>Growth
=>Excretes waste etc

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32
Q

all living things carry out fundamental processes called…

A

Life processes

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33
Q

Living things are made up of…

A

Cells

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34
Q

Unicellular organisms are made up of…

A

ONE cell

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35
Q

Multicellular organisms are made up of…

A

Large numbers of different cells

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36
Q

Different cells are structured the same: true or false

A

False-Different cells have different structures

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37
Q

cells come from..
Through the process of..

A

Pre-existing cells through
cell division

38
Q

Cells are the building…of life

A

Blocks

39
Q

All cells contain..

A

DNA

40
Q

The CELL MEMBRANE controls the…

A

entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell.

41
Q

What are the two different types of cells?

A

=>prokaryotic
=>Eukaryotic

42
Q

Prokaryotic cells are…

A

=>unspecialized
=>very small
=> single-celled
=>no nucleus etc

43
Q

Eukaryotic cells are…

A

=>well- organized cells with membrane-bound organelles.
=>larger than prokaryotic cells
-Has a nucleus etc

44
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in…

A

Plants, animals, and fungi

45
Q

Prokaryotic cells are found in..

A

Bacteria

46
Q

Organelles are the…..of the cell

A

Organs

47
Q

Organelles are a specialized…

A

sub-unit within a cell

48
Q

The nucleus…

A

=>controls center of the cell
=>contains DNA

49
Q

do prokaryotic cells have spindle fibers?

A

NO

50
Q

permeable=

A

=>allows water or substances to pass through completely

51
Q

semi-permeable=

A

Allows some water or substances to pass through but NOT ALL, based on factors like size, shape, and polarity.

52
Q

cell- metabolism requires=

A

specific conditions

53
Q

diff between parasite and pathogens

A

=>pathogens tend to kill their host
=>parasites do not
=>pathogens do not need a host to survive-parasites depend on their host for nutrients and shelter

54
Q

what do pathogens require to grow in a host?

A

=>nutrients
=>oxygen
=>temperature

55
Q

a toxin is a poisonous substance secreted by a range of pathogens and other organisms. T or F

A

True

56
Q

What two white blood cells play a crucial role in phagocytosis

A

=>Neutrophils
=> macrophages

57
Q

What chemical is responsible for redness, heat

A

histamine

58
Q

Yeast is used in breadmaking, wine making and beer making. As the yeast grows and reproduces, it undergoes alcohol fermentation, in the same way plant cells do-Name the reactant for this reaction

A

Glucose

59
Q

What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?

A

spindle fibres

60
Q

The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.

A

Growth, repair, produce new body cells

61
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

to package proteins into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body

62
Q

what is the main function of the mitochondrion?

A

Aerobic respiration

63
Q

what is the black balls on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To act as the site of protein synthesis

64
Q

Which one of the following statement most appropriately describes the term “endemic”?

A

A disease that is present at an approximately constant level within a society or country

65
Q

the innate immune response system responds to all pathogens-T or F

A

True

66
Q

“Aerobic means …

A

“with oxygen”

67
Q

The production of ATP using energy is released by ….

A

breaking down glucose with oxygen and is called aerobic cell respiration.

68
Q

What is a Vector

A

An intermediate host that transmits pathogens that cause the diseases.

69
Q

What moves in and out of cells?

A

=> Nutrients such as
=>gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, proteins, ions and water.

70
Q

The head of the phospholipid bilayer called the…

A

Hydrophilic head

71
Q

When cubes are used to represent cells, The bigger a cell is the…in surface area it is and therefore the….

A

Lower
less efficient it is at exchanging materials

72
Q

what are the two reactants of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water

73
Q

Describe the effect of increasing carbon dioxide availability on the rate of photosynthesis

A

rate of photosynthesis will increase
=>it is a reactant
=>one of the limiting factors of photosynthesis

74
Q

independent variable is»>

A

something the investigator controls or manipulates (time since observation began) etc

75
Q

Dependent variable»>

A

Is the variable being measured eg (number of bacteria in a sample)

76
Q

some examples of what should be kept the same if an experiment was to be repeated:

A

-Type of bacteria (whatever was being used)
-Growing conditions. Where the bacteria were stored
-The surface the bacteria is grown on etc

77
Q

bacterial infection can become serious very quickly. By referring to the graph above, discuss why this is the case»>

A

Bacteria multiplies very quickly. As seen above… this means that the severity of the bacterial infection can increase really quickly

78
Q

State the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

To package proteins made by ribosomes into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body

79
Q

The head of the phospholipid=

A

The phospholipid head, hydrophilic, attracted to water.

80
Q

Name the process of which molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane…

A

Diffusion

81
Q

passive transport because it goes with/against the flow?

A

With the flow

82
Q

Cold meats are often heavily salted to decrease the presence of microorganisms. Describe the impact salt has on microorganisms in order to decrease growth.

A

Salt creates a hypertonic environment
=>cells eventually get killed as cells lose their water due to osmosis

83
Q

what happens to bacterial growth to food kept in a fridge?

A

The rate of bacterial growth decreases

84
Q

What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?

A

spindle fibers

85
Q

The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.

A

growth and repair

86
Q

Burns victims are highly susceptible to infection. Suggest the most likely reason for this.

A

=>Burns cause wounds
=>entry point for pathogens
=>susceptible to disease

87
Q

why would something be non-specific?

A

has no recognition of antigen and attacks non-self in general

88
Q

causes small blood vessels called arterioles to dilate or widen at the site of infection.
Name this chemical.

A

Histamine

89
Q

What is the purpose of dilating blood vessels?

A

=> allows more blood vessels to come through and engulf the pathogens

90
Q

how can someone become infected by Hookworm?

A

-Direct contact
-Contaminated food
-Walking around barefoot

91
Q

Suggest why the parasite benefits from living in the intestines of a human host.

A

=>Body temp is a good environment for parasites
=>Nutrients from food

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