Bio test prep Flashcards
animal cells don’t have…
Chloroplasts or a cell wall
prophase..(2)
=>chromosomes are still visible
=>nucleus still intact
=>Starts to break down
Metaphase…(3)
=>Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase..(4)
=>Chromosomes move away from each other to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase…(5)
=>Nuclei surround each set of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.
interphase (1)
=>The cell spends 90% of its time in interphase
=>growing, replicating DNA, carrying out cell processes.
Cytokinesis..(6)
=>Responsible for the final separation of two cells splitting the cytoplasm.
all living organisms consist of cells or…
the product of cells
lactic acid is responsible for…
=>muscle fatigue
Binary fission is responsible for…
cell diffusion in prokaryotic
chromatids are smaller than …
Chromosomes
what is meant by “herd immunity”
when a large number of people in a certain area develop immunity against a contagious disease.
How can the spread of diseases be stopped
Quarantine, the body’s own immune responses and sanitation
name differences between passive and active transport
=>active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not
=>active transport moves substances from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration whereas passive does not
what do cells go through Mitosis
Growth and repair
An example of a chemical mechanism
Stomach acid=has a low Ph therefore killing bacteria
cells require energy for…
=>Movement
=>synthesis
=>Keep a stable internal environment
pathogens can enter the body via…
=>contaminated foods
=>direct contact
=>droplet infection (coughing, sneezing etc)
lipids are…
Water repellent molecules
platelets initiate…
blood clotting to seal the breach by creating a scab
non-self =
=>antibody production
=>protein molecules /polysaccharides
self=
=>humans recognize own tissue and marker
=>proteins as ‘self’ and do not react to these.
diff between infectious and infectious disease…
=>Infectious diseases are caused by a pathogen
=>Non-infectious diseases not caused by a pathogen
contagious def..
Can be transmitted from person to person
how can contagious disease be transmitted?
=>airborne
=>bodily fluid
phagocytic engulfs the…
Pathogen , it DOESNT eat it
Phagocytic is a type of cell within the body capable of…
engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.
Natural killer cells…
=>punch holes in the cells it wants to get rid of
=>recognizes self and non-self-cells
Interferons…
=> limits the spread and multiplication of the virus
=>chemicals are secreted by cells which are infected by viruses.
Major components of the innate immune response
=>swelling
=>redness
=>pain
=>heat
what distinguishes living things from non-living things?
=>movement
=>Responsiveness
=>Growth
=>Excretes waste etc
all living things carry out fundamental processes called…
Life processes
Living things are made up of…
Cells
Unicellular organisms are made up of…
ONE cell
Multicellular organisms are made up of…
Large numbers of different cells
Different cells are structured the same: true or false
False-Different cells have different structures
cells come from..
Through the process of..
Pre-existing cells through
cell division
Cells are the building…of life
Blocks
All cells contain..
DNA
The CELL MEMBRANE controls the…
entry and exit of materials in and out of the cell.
What are the two different types of cells?
=>prokaryotic
=>Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells are…
=>unspecialized
=>very small
=> single-celled
=>no nucleus etc
Eukaryotic cells are…
=>well- organized cells with membrane-bound organelles.
=>larger than prokaryotic cells
-Has a nucleus etc
Eukaryotic cells are found in…
Plants, animals, and fungi
Prokaryotic cells are found in..
Bacteria
Organelles are the…..of the cell
Organs
Organelles are a specialized…
sub-unit within a cell
The nucleus…
=>controls center of the cell
=>contains DNA
do prokaryotic cells have spindle fibers?
NO
permeable=
=>allows water or substances to pass through completely
semi-permeable=
Allows some water or substances to pass through but NOT ALL, based on factors like size, shape, and polarity.
cell- metabolism requires=
specific conditions
diff between parasite and pathogens
=>pathogens tend to kill their host
=>parasites do not
=>pathogens do not need a host to survive-parasites depend on their host for nutrients and shelter
what do pathogens require to grow in a host?
=>nutrients
=>oxygen
=>temperature
a toxin is a poisonous substance secreted by a range of pathogens and other organisms. T or F
True
What two white blood cells play a crucial role in phagocytosis
=>Neutrophils
=> macrophages
What chemical is responsible for redness, heat
histamine
Yeast is used in breadmaking, wine making and beer making. As the yeast grows and reproduces, it undergoes alcohol fermentation, in the same way plant cells do-Name the reactant for this reaction
Glucose
What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?
spindle fibres
The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.
Growth, repair, produce new body cells
what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
to package proteins into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body
what is the main function of the mitochondrion?
Aerobic respiration
what is the black balls on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
To act as the site of protein synthesis
Which one of the following statement most appropriately describes the term “endemic”?
A disease that is present at an approximately constant level within a society or country
the innate immune response system responds to all pathogens-T or F
True
“Aerobic means …
“with oxygen”
The production of ATP using energy is released by ….
breaking down glucose with oxygen and is called aerobic cell respiration.
What is a Vector
An intermediate host that transmits pathogens that cause the diseases.
What moves in and out of cells?
=> Nutrients such as
=>gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, proteins, ions and water.
The head of the phospholipid bilayer called the…
Hydrophilic head
When cubes are used to represent cells, The bigger a cell is the…in surface area it is and therefore the….
Lower
less efficient it is at exchanging materials
what are the two reactants of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide and water
Describe the effect of increasing carbon dioxide availability on the rate of photosynthesis
rate of photosynthesis will increase
=>it is a reactant
=>one of the limiting factors of photosynthesis
independent variable is»>
something the investigator controls or manipulates (time since observation began) etc
Dependent variable»>
Is the variable being measured eg (number of bacteria in a sample)
some examples of what should be kept the same if an experiment was to be repeated:
-Type of bacteria (whatever was being used)
-Growing conditions. Where the bacteria were stored
-The surface the bacteria is grown on etc
bacterial infection can become serious very quickly. By referring to the graph above, discuss why this is the case»>
Bacteria multiplies very quickly. As seen above… this means that the severity of the bacterial infection can increase really quickly
State the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
To package proteins made by ribosomes into small vacuoles for transport to a Golgi body
The head of the phospholipid=
The phospholipid head, hydrophilic, attracted to water.
Name the process of which molecules pass through a semi-permeable membrane…
Diffusion
passive transport because it goes with/against the flow?
With the flow
Cold meats are often heavily salted to decrease the presence of microorganisms. Describe the impact salt has on microorganisms in order to decrease growth.
Salt creates a hypertonic environment
=>cells eventually get killed as cells lose their water due to osmosis
what happens to bacterial growth to food kept in a fridge?
The rate of bacterial growth decreases
What organelle helps the chromosomes move in the cell during mitosis?
spindle fibers
The goal of mitosis is to make identical types of cells. List 2 functions of mitosis.
growth and repair
Burns victims are highly susceptible to infection. Suggest the most likely reason for this.
=>Burns cause wounds
=>entry point for pathogens
=>susceptible to disease
why would something be non-specific?
has no recognition of antigen and attacks non-self in general
causes small blood vessels called arterioles to dilate or widen at the site of infection.
Name this chemical.
Histamine
What is the purpose of dilating blood vessels?
=> allows more blood vessels to come through and engulf the pathogens
how can someone become infected by Hookworm?
-Direct contact
-Contaminated food
-Walking around barefoot
Suggest why the parasite benefits from living in the intestines of a human host.
=>Body temp is a good environment for parasites
=>Nutrients from food
