BIO Test 2 Flashcards
How do viruses infect a host cell
1.Once a viral genome (DNA or RNA) has entered a cell, the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
2. The virus makes use of host enzymes, ribosomes, and other molecules
3. Viral nucleic acids and capsids spontaneously self-assemble into new
viruses
4. New virus leaves the cell
What is chemiosmosis, and what is the main enzyme that makes it happen?
Chemiosmosis is the process through which cells produce ATP for energy in the cellular respiration process. The main enzyme in the process is ATP synthase
3) What are a couple of examples of prion-caused diseases?
Scrapie (sheep, Mad Cow Disease, Chronic Wasting Disease (deer) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (humans)
7) What is the difference between lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? What organisms perform them?
Lactic fermentation occurs in muscle cells of animals and produces lactic acid as a byproduct, while alcoholic fermentation occurs by fungi such as yeast and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Capsule
Thick protective layer outside of some bacteria
8) We have mostly discussed how glucose is used to make ATP. What other molecules can be metabolized as an energy source, and how do they differ from the process in glucose?
Lipids and proteins can be broken down with chemical parts sent to glycolysis or the Krebs cycle
Where is the Krebs Cycle Performed
Mitochondrial Matrix
Where does Electron Transport Chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation take place
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Where does Fermentation take place?
The Cytoplasm
Give an example of how protists can be harmful to an organism.
Plasmodium causes malaria
– Pfiesteria shumwayae is a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills
– Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death
What is the Stroma?
the dense interior fluid in the chloroplast
Endergonic vs Exergonic reactions
Exergonic reactions release energy represented by a negative G;; Endergonic reactions absorb energy resulting in a positive G
What are the four ways energy consumed by an organism was said to be used
The consumed energy is expended as heat, kinetic energy, and energy in waste molecules.
If a chemical reaction has a G=334, describe whether it is endergonic or exergonic, and
whether energy is absorbed or released.
It is an endergonic reaction that is absorbing energy.
What is the name of where the substrate binds to an enzyme?
The Active Site
What are cofactors
Cofactors are nonprotein enzyme helpers that make it easier for the substrates to bind to the enzyme.
What are enzyme inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors are either competitive (meaning they bind to the active site of an enzyme and block the substrate) or they are non-competitive (they biind to another part of the enzyme in a way that causes the enzyme to change shape and be less effective.
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 +O2 reacts to make CO2 + H2O+ ATP
thylakoid
pancake like stacked green sacs
5) How does the location of cellular respiration differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes cellular respiration happens in the cytoplasm and the cell membrane, while in eukaryotes it happens in the cytoplasm, Mitochondrial Matrix, and Inner Mitochondrial membrane.
granum
a singular stack of thylakoids
Light Reactions
Makes 2 important energy containing things ATP and NADPH
Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain
G3P is made which is then used to make Glucose, as well as other types of sugars,
What contains more energy, red light, or blue light, and why?
Blue light has more energy than red light because it has a shorter wavelength
What happens in the Calvin Cycle
Uses energy from ATP and NADPH to make Co2 into sugars, and regenerates the products needed to do the cycle again
What goes into Light Reactions and what comes out?
Light and CO2 and H2O go in ATP and NADPH and O2 as a waste product
What goes into Calvin Cycle and what comes out?
CO2 goes in and G3p comes out
Where does the Light Reactions take place?
Thylakoids
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Stroma
