BIO Test 2

Question 1

How do viruses infect a host cell

Answer 1

1.Once a viral genome (DNA or RNA) has entered a cell, the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins
2. The virus makes use of host enzymes, ribosomes, and other molecules
3. Viral nucleic acids and capsids spontaneously self-assemble into new
viruses
4. New virus leaves the cell

Question 2

What is chemiosmosis, and what is the main enzyme that makes it happen?

Answer 2

Chemiosmosis is the process through which cells produce ATP for energy in the cellular respiration process. The main enzyme in the process is ATP synthase

Question 3

3) What are a couple of examples of prion-caused diseases?

Answer 3

Scrapie (sheep, Mad Cow Disease, Chronic Wasting Disease (deer) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (humans)

Question 4

7) What is the difference between lactic fermentation and alcoholic fermentation? What organisms perform them?

Answer 4

Lactic fermentation occurs in muscle cells of animals and produces lactic acid as a byproduct, while alcoholic fermentation occurs by fungi such as yeast and produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 5

Capsule

Answer 5

Thick protective layer outside of some bacteria

Question 6

8) We have mostly discussed how glucose is used to make ATP. What other molecules can be metabolized as an energy source, and how do they differ from the process in glucose?

Answer 6

Lipids and proteins can be broken down with chemical parts sent to glycolysis or the Krebs cycle

Question 7

Where is the Krebs Cycle Performed

Answer 7

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 8

Where does Electron Transport Chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation take place

Answer 8

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Question 9

Where does Fermentation take place?

Answer 9

The Cytoplasm

Question 10

Give an example of how protists can be harmful to an organism.

Answer 10

Plasmodium causes malaria
– Pfiesteria shumwayae is a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills
– Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death

Question 11

What is the Stroma?

Answer 11

the dense interior fluid in the chloroplast

Question 12

Endergonic vs Exergonic reactions

Answer 12

Exergonic reactions release energy represented by a negative G;; Endergonic reactions absorb energy resulting in a positive G

Question 13

What are the four ways energy consumed by an organism was said to be used

Answer 13

The consumed energy is expended as heat, kinetic energy, and energy in waste molecules.

Question 14

If a chemical reaction has a G=334, describe whether it is endergonic or exergonic, and
whether energy is absorbed or released.

Answer 14

It is an endergonic reaction that is absorbing energy.

Question 15

What is the name of where the substrate binds to an enzyme?

Answer 15

The Active Site

Question 16

What are cofactors

Answer 16

Cofactors are nonprotein enzyme helpers that make it easier for the substrates to bind to the enzyme.

Question 17

What are enzyme inhibitors

Answer 17

Enzyme inhibitors are either competitive (meaning they bind to the active site of an enzyme and block the substrate) or they are non-competitive (they biind to another part of the enzyme in a way that causes the enzyme to change shape and be less effective.

Question 18

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Answer 18

C6H12O6 +O2 reacts to make CO2 + H2O+ ATP

Question 19

thylakoid

Answer 19

pancake like stacked green sacs

Question 20

5) How does the location of cellular respiration differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 20

In prokaryotes cellular respiration happens in the cytoplasm and the cell membrane, while in eukaryotes it happens in the cytoplasm, Mitochondrial Matrix, and Inner Mitochondrial membrane.

Question 21

granum

Answer 21

a singular stack of thylakoids

Question 22

Light Reactions

Answer 22

Makes 2 important energy containing things ATP and NADPH

Question 23

Is glucose the only sugar made by photosynthesis? Explain

Answer 23

G3P is made which is then used to make Glucose, as well as other types of sugars,

Question 24

What contains more energy, red light, or blue light, and why?

Answer 24

Blue light has more energy than red light because it has a shorter wavelength

Question 25

What happens in the Calvin Cycle

Answer 25

Uses energy from ATP and NADPH to make Co2 into sugars, and regenerates the products needed to do the cycle again

Question 26

What goes into Light Reactions and what comes out?

Answer 26

Light and CO2 and H2O go in ATP and NADPH and O2 as a waste product

Question 27

What goes into Calvin Cycle and what comes out?

Answer 27

CO2 goes in and G3p comes out

Question 28

Where does the Light Reactions take place?

Answer 28

Thylakoids

Question 29

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

Answer 29

Stroma